tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29543734662263831512024-03-12T21:45:19.248-07:00How long are college essaysKylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.comBlogger157125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-47234931548714931582020-08-28T02:35:00.001-07:002020-08-28T02:35:04.070-07:00Will I do better on the SAT or the ACTWill I improve on the SAT or the ACT SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Numerous understudies wonder whether they'll improve on the ACT or SAT after the entirety of it's critical to put the best foot forward. Here we tell you the best way to make sense of which one you're better on. See the accompanying inquiries and answers to make sense of what will presumably work better for you. 1. How would I know whether I should take the ACT versus SAT? This relies completely upon the schools where you need to apply and your particular capacities. Practically every one of the 4-year schools require either (and acknowledge both) the SAT or ACT, so itââ¬â¢s imperative to realize which test can mirror your capacities most completely. A few universities require no state administered test scores, yet itââ¬â¢s best to apply to at any rate 3 schools (and, for some, understudies, significantly more than that). Along these lines, itââ¬â¢s improbable that all the schools you need to apply to will be ââ¬Å"test optional,â⬠so choosing which test to take is truly significant. 2. Which understudies think the SAT is simpler than the ACT? The SAT is better if youââ¬â¢re a ââ¬Å"good test takerâ⬠if youââ¬â¢re great at making sense of what data tests are searching for, if enormous tests donââ¬â¢t make you exceptionally apprehensive, or in the event that you donââ¬â¢t get overpowered effectively by new data. The SAT is better if youââ¬â¢re close to a top score, on the grounds that itââ¬â¢s simpler to ââ¬Å"aceâ⬠to get a 99th percentile or flawless score onthan the ACT. There are numerous purposes behind this, yet on the off chance that you think youââ¬â¢re going to score high, your odds of scoring in the most elevated percentiles are better on the SAT. The SAT is better if youââ¬â¢re great at understanding riddles or ââ¬Å"thinking on the flyâ⬠taking new data and controlling it rapidly or consolidating it with information you as of now have. 3. Which understudies think the ACT is simpler than the SAT? The ACT is better if youââ¬â¢re preferred in classes over on tests, on the off chance that you are acceptable at learning all the material in the course reading, or on the off chance that you lean toward loads of structure in your instruction. The ACT is better in the event that you study school subjects more: beside the ACT taking after a secondary school test more than the SAT does, it likewise tests a more extensive scope of information than the SAT doestaking AP Chemistry, for instance, wonââ¬â¢t help you on the SAT. In any case, it could help altogether on the ACT. The ACT is better if youââ¬â¢re scoring in the lower percentiles in light of the fact that the normal ACT question is somewhat simpler than the normal SAT question, with the goal that center range is progressively feasible on the ACT. This doesn't mean, in any case, that the SAT is a harder testweââ¬â¢ll talk about that next. 4. Is the ACT or SAT harder or simpler in general? The short answer is that nor is more diligently; theyââ¬â¢re hard in various ways. The most essential way the challenges of the 2 tests contrast is that, while the normal ACT question is simpler than the normal SAT question, the hardest ACT question is more earnestly than the hardest one on the SAT. 5. How might I discover without a doubt which is better for me? The most ideal route is to really give it a shot! Here are the specific advances: 1. Take a full practice SAT and a training ACT. 2. At that point utilize the offical ACT to SAT score transformation tableto convert your ACT score to its SAT proportional (the table uses a 1600 scale that incorporates perusing and math as it were). 3. In the event that your score distinction is in excess of 100 focuses in either course, at that point you have an unmistakable victor. For instance, say you got a 30 on the ACT and a 1200 (out of 1600) on the SAT. You utilize the table and see a 30 on the ACT changes over to a 1340. This is 140 focuses higher than your SAT. Obviously you should take the ACT, no inquiries posed! 4. In the event that your score distinction is under 100 pointsthen you don't have a characteristic impediment in possibly one. The point contrast is likely because of irregular possibility, and both work similarly well. Whatââ¬â¢s next? Comparethe current SAT to the rendition coming in 2016. Find out about the specialized contrasts between the SAT and ACT. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-2619393989405255102020-08-22T14:03:00.001-07:002020-08-22T14:03:27.441-07:00The relationships between prison inmates and correction officers in EssayThe connections between jail prisoners and rectification officials in regaurds to brutality - Essay Example The workshops are overseen by prisoner coaches, yet with the help and inclusion of outside volunteer co-mentors. AVP workshops are commonly a few days long, contingent upon the particular module. The two prisoners, just as outside mentors are volunteers, their capabilities being finishing of all AVP modules notwithstanding the train-the-coach workshop. Members start with the fundamental workshop, progress to the progressed, and from that point to the aide modules which incorporate Bias Awareness and Manly Awareness. The ethnographic investigation, finished in May of 2001 (Sloane 2001), proposed that AVP members' practices were changed by their contribution in these workshops. Detainment facilities are basically shut establishments. To everything except the state representatives who work in them, the detainees limited in them and the authorities who are allowed get to, penitentiaries are commonly avoided general visibility. Under uncommon power stretched out to the Correctional Association since 1846, individuals from its Prison Visiting Committee can enter penitentiaries, talk with detainees and staff, and convey their discoveries and suggestions to state policymakers and people in general. While the Correctional Association doesn't have power to command change, it utilizes its information on jail activities to advocate for change to the individuals who do have that position. In light of perceptions of the Correctional Association's Prison Visiting Committee from visits to 25 state remedial offices directed between March 1998 and October 2001, key issues and zones for change dependent on discussions with many detainees and restorative staff are referenced here or potentially portrayed in the individual jail reports: - Youth Assistance Programs in which prisoners and adjustment staff volunteer as instructors to in danger youth from the network; - The Little dogs Behind Bars program, where detainees train young doggies to become seeing-eye hounds; - The steering of an in-cell substance misuse treatment program for detainees in disciplinary restriction; - Mandatory scholarly programming for detainees who read as well as have a math score underneath the ninth-grade level; - Parenting programs highlighting organized gatherings and child rearing instruction classes; - Family guest focuses at 36 offices to give detainee relatives a spot to revive themselves preceding entering the jail; - The establishment of Automatic Electronic Defibrillators in each state remedial office; - Aggression Replacement Therapy gave via prepared detainee facilitators to assist detainees with recognizing and control forceful conduct; and - Earned Eligibility and Merit Time programs, which reward certain peaceful guilty parties who meet different program necessities with the chance of early discharge. Inspiration levels toward the beginning of the workshops Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-58842310407281013042020-08-21T11:45:00.001-07:002020-08-21T11:45:13.306-07:00Defenses for Democracy Essay -- Papers Argumentative Persuasive EssaysGuards for Democracy Is freedom an awful thing? Socrates assumed so. In Book VIII of Plato's Republic, Socrates condemns vote based system by assaulting three of its most significant viewpoints: freedom, fairness, and lion's share rule. He attests that due to these things, a just city will consistently fall into oppression. I deviate, and feel that every one of the three of the standards are basic to a reasonable and just city, and just in their nonattendance can a city be taken into oppression. Socrates starts his perceptions on the deformities of a vote based government by first assaulting freedom. His principle contention is that there is completely a lot of it. Individuals in a majority rule government are allowed to do what they wish in their lives and are allowed to picked imagine a scenario where any activity they will do. Socrates inquires as to whether, similar to the man with the popularity based soul, they won't simply breathe easy and not complete a lot (Plato, 557e). This might be valid, yet individuals who don't work don't eat. In Socrates city, much like in a socialist system, the entirety of the individuals in a city are answerable for the benefit of all of the entirety of different individuals from their city. A man who does nothing would genuinely be a weight on this society, yet not at all like in Socrates city, or a socialist state, in an industrialist vote based system individuals are answerable for their own endurance, and a man must work in the event that he is to have a nourishment, asylum, and the entirety of the other necessities of life. While portraying his equitable city, Socrates was particularly for specialization of work (Plato, 367e-372b), so for a man to attempt numerous things would conflict with his idea of what has a place in a decent city. In any case Shouldn?t one attempt one?s hand at numerous undertakings until one get a new line of work that best satisfies one?s soul? In Alienated Labor, Ka... ...ey would in any case be in presence today. Book index: Davis, Michael. The Politics of Philosophy. London: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996 Hamilton, Alexander. Sacred Convention Address. Sacred Convention, Philadelphia. 29 Jul. 1787 Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961 Guigon, Charles, ed. The Good Life. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Organization, 1999 Kennedy, John F. Discourse at San Diego State College. San Diego State College, San Diego. 06 Jun. 1963 Macaulay, Thomas Babbington Ed. Scott, Allan. The Works of Thomas Babbington Macaulay. London: Wordsworth Poetry Library, 1995 Marx, Karl. Monetary and Philosophic Manuscripts. Germany: 1844 Plato, Ed. Allan Bloom. Republic. USA: Basic Books, 1991 Spooner, Lysander. An Essay on the Trial By Jury. London: 1852 Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-62186172593960000582020-05-26T12:54:00.001-07:002020-05-26T12:54:03.913-07:00Definitions of In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay SamplesDefinitions of In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples The Advantages of in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Thus, the value of referencing in both academic and technical assignments can't be overstated. There aren't many ways in which you can avoid plagiarism. Those sort of practices can help teachers teach better and help students subvert the options of plagiarism, which could often happen since they're unsupported, Anson stated. It explains the significance of academic integrity and precisely what actions will be deemed as academic misconduct. You have to use no less than four academic references. Looming essay deadlines have a large part to play in contributing to this stress. Don't be scared to request an extension for an assignment. As an example, aim to complete writing three sections in four hours and permit yourself to relax. Up in Arms About in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples? Irrespective of how long that you have, don't make the error of plagiarizing somebody else's work since they can cause severe consequences like expulsion or destroy your likelihood of getting selected. Notably, political compromise isn't ever a mediocre method of doing politics but rather an adventure and the sole means of practicing democratic politics. It is likewise very disappointing it isn't simple to discover those who have high integrity and are always honest, regardless of what the consequence. It is far more beyond that, as there are still a score of folks who, regardless of not having a level, actually succeeded and excelled in their chosen careers. They are certain that their institution's integrity won't be shaken if tough decisions ought to be made. IVe done some research on the subject of integrity to receive a form of fly on the wall perspective of how other men and women view integrity. There are though many methods to have a look at a persons integr ity. This document is all about protecting academic integrity. Integrity means being honest in the several life situations that increases the increase and evolution of the quality of life in the society. Integrity is tough to explain but a huge part of it is controlled by the values that you decide to have in your life. Because of that, integrity is important in all regions of life. As soon as your integrity was compromised, needless to say it's rather hard to regain it in the opinion of your peers. Ruthless In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Strategies Exploited In a perfect world, an individual would complete the essay in a single sitting, but all of us know that's a little too hard to attain. As an issue of fact, quotes may also be put in to make the writing attractive. The idea of doing an essay last minute is sufficient to supply you with the chills. Here are 8 smart tactics to compose your very last minute essay and still do a very good job at it. Academic writing services supply a huge material on academic writings that may be very beneficial for both students and professionals. Writing an essay can be extremely daunting for students nowadays and not all of these can get it right. You need to make your students able to talk about their perspectives and ideas. Asking students to reflect on their writing process is not just a superior practice for them, but in addition might permit you a bit of insight into whether they actually wrote the paper. in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples - What Is It? After you have established these, note down the points you intend to include under every one of these sections before you start writing. It is possible to flunk from a class. The researchers discovered that, academic dishonesty is more inclined to occur in internet classes, aside from in traditional classes. In a high school setting students may cheat so they can receive great grades and please their parents, others might cheat since they don' t have enough time to study. What You Need to Do About in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Beginning in the Next 4 Minutes There's no demand for you to fret about confidentiality. Hence, always make certain you submit original work and if you're not able to do it yourself, seek assistance from last minute essay writing services. The tradition has been the topic of unsuccessful litigation against the organization. There's no superior method of solving your writing problems than to go to our site. Having integrity doesn't necessarily mean you've good morals or that you don't ever make mistakes. Academic honesty and integrity is extremely necessary for someone to be an excellent student. At times it requires courage. If it's necessary to take a polygraph test then they will probably ask you questions about how you are feeling about the value of integrity and honesty and if you're a person of high integrity and honesty. In light of the forego ing discussions, it is clear that referencing forms an essential part of the analysis skills, which ought to be made available to all students at a university and other tertiary heights of learning. The findings demonstrate that more work should be done to completely incorporate the requirements of social sciences and humanities disciplines in an extensive university training course. If you're not sure about dissertation students the quality of our papers, look at sample papers to understand what you can count on from us. All this is done in order to secure increased education and then an excellent job. Sooner or later in your writing procedure, you could be asked to seek advice from a writing coach offered by the Academic Resource Center. Academic integrity cannot only relate to school, but in addition life. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-41910290817201510232020-05-15T19:29:00.001-07:002020-05-15T19:29:14.234-07:00Telling Time Lesson With Worksheets Children usually learn to tell time by first or second grade. The concept is abstract and takes some fundamental instruction before children can grasp the concept. You can use several worksheets to help children learn how to represent time on a clock and how to decipher the time on analog and digital clocks. The Fundamentals The concept of time may take some time to grasp. But, if you use a methodical approach to explaining how to tell what time it is, your students can pick it up with some practice. 24 Hours in a Day The first thing that will help young students learn about time is if you explain to them that there are 24 hours in a day. Explain that the clock divides the day into two halves of 12 hours each. And, within each hour, there are 60 minutes.à For an example, you can explain how there is an 8 oclock in the morning, like when children are getting ready for school, and an 8 oclock at night, usually associated with bedtime. Show the students what a clock looks like when it is 8 oclock with a plastic clock or another teachingà aid. Ask the children what the clock looks like. Ask them what they notice about the clock.à Hands on a Clock Explain to children that a clock has a face and two main hands. The teacher should demonstrate that the smaller hand represents the hour of the day while the larger hand represents the minutes within that hour. Some students may have already grasped the concept of skip counting by 5s, which should make it easier for children to understand the concept of each number on the clock representing 5-minute increments. Explain how 12 at the top of the clock is both the beginning and end of the hour and how it represents :00. Then, have the class count out the subsequent numbers on the clock, by skip counting by 5s, from 1 through 11. Explain how the smaller hash marks between numbers on the clock are minutes.à Go back to the example of 8 oclock. Explain how oclock means zero minutes or :00. Usually, the best progression for teaching children to tell time is to start in larger increments, like start with children only identifying the hour, then move to the half-hour, then the quarter hour, and then intervals of 5 minutes.à Worksheets for Learning Time Once students understand that the small hour hand represents the 12-hour cycle and the minute hand points to 60 unique minutes around the clock face, they can begin practicing these skills by attempting to tell the time on a variety of clock worksheets. Blank clocks worksheetTelling time to the nearest 5 minutesTelling time to the nearest minuteTwo worksheets for filling in random times:à Worksheet 1à andà worksheet 2Fill in the digital times for analog clocksMiscellaneous time worksheets Other Teaching Aids Engaging multiple senses in learning helps support understanding and providing manipulatives and hands-on experiences enhanceà the learning experience. There are many plastic-type clocks that are available to help children learn time concepts. If you cant find mini plastic clocks, have your students make paper clocks using a butterfly clip. When a child has a clock to manipulate, you can then ask them to show you various times. Or you can show them the digital time and ask them to show you what it looks like on an analog clock. Incorporate word problems into the exercises, such as it is now 2 oclock, what time will it be in a half an hour. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-5868663301424275922020-05-06T17:00:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:00:22.448-07:00The Seductive Allure Of Neuroscience Explanations The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations Deena Skolnick Weisberg, Frank C. Keil, Joshua Goodstein, Elizabeth Rawson, and Jeremy R. Gray Question We are always curious to understand the world we live in, and what happens around us and we often believe explanations of psychological phenomena that contains neuroscientific information without any doubt. The neuroscience information includes experiments, databases, and genetic resources. It is apparent that people seem to be more interested in explanations of psychological phenomena when it is enclosed with neuroscientific information. The study conducts experiments on whether people accepted explanations about psychological phenomena with neuroscientific information more satisfying than explanation without any neuroscientific information. The goal of this experiment was to see if neuroscience explanations have any effects on peopleââ¬â¢s rating of how satisfying they found good and bad explanations in general and those with or without neuroscientific information. The board question is why is cognitive neuroscience information so interesting to the public? Are people capable o f judging good explanations from bad explanations of psychological phenomena? The specific question is that, is people s fascination with cognitive neuroscience associated with explanations that involve neuropsychological component? Does the addition of neuroscience information to phenomena affect people s judgment of good and bad explanations?Show MoreRelatedPsychological Phenomena And Its Effects On The Perception Of Psychology Essay1497 Words à |à 6 PagesPrevious research has found that the presence of irrelevant neuroscience information seems to pique the interest of the public when added to explanations of psychological phenomena. This effect of interfering with peopleââ¬â¢s ability to identify logical explanations from illogical ones does not seem to work when information from other sciences is added. We test this hypothesis by giving 340 undergraduate introductory psychology students some explanations of psychological phenomena that were from each of theRead MoreThe Effect Of Scientific Information On The Explanation Of Psychological Phenomena Essay1751 Words à |à 8 Pagesresearch has shown the effect of neuroscience information in the explanation of psychological phenomena. This study aimed to replicate such findings and what effects other superfluous scientific information had on the perceived quality of explanations. 340 university students were instructed to read and evaluate a brief description on a psychological phenomenon followed by explanation of varying quality and superfluous information of various types. Good explanations were rated with a significantlyRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words à |à 99 Pageswork and his drive for achievementâ⬠. â⬠¢ E.g. In 1980s, two chemists claimed they had performed controlled nuclear fusion in a test tube. (energy woes solved?) But they had not performed the tests properly. â⬠¢ E.g. Simon Shorvon (National Neuroscience Institute Chief) putting Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease patients through tests without informing them â⬠¢ E.g. Tuskegee experiment (1932-1972) African American men given syphilis intentionally and monitored. Penicillin discovered then but not administered Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-78934640925572126952020-05-05T20:25:00.001-07:002020-05-05T20:25:18.284-07:00Feste, The Decisive Fool Of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students Feste, The Decisive Fool Of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay A fool can be defined in many meanings. The word could mean a silly person, or one who professionally counterfeits folly for the entertainment of others, a jester, clown or one who has little or no reason or intellect or one who is made to appear to be a fool according to dictionary definition. In William Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery as unconventional fools dominate the play. He and many other characters combine their uncommon actions and wit to provoke other characters that has largely withdrawn into their own form of foolery. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Festes role in this Illyrian comedy is significant because in Illyria, the fool is not so much a critic of his environment as a ringleader, capable of transcending the traditional hierarchy of the classes and to lead them on as he sees fit. His ability to interact with common and noble with equal ease makes Feste significant as a character. As a clown employed by Olivias late father, Feste is an allowed fool(Act I. Scene v) meaning he is granted the means to speak the truth of the people around him. In one of the humorous scenes, and the best situation of Feste as a traditional fool, he dresses up as Sir Topaz, the curate and visits the imprisoned Malvolio with the other fools, Maria and Sir Toby. There he uses his humor to abuse Malvolio who is still unaware that he is actually talking to the clown than to the real Sir Topas. Feste, while disguised as Sir Topaz, calls Malvolio a lunatic, and satan(Act IV. scene ii) and confuses him by wittingly making him a fool. Throughout the play, Malvolio has always been the person who intentionally spoils the pleasure of other people. This allows the audience to accept such behavior as just and acceptable despite in most circumstances such actions would be condemnable. One of the major contrasts between the film version created in 1998 was its treatment of this scene. While keeping the language intact, the scene is treated in a serious and dark fashion, but still with the same outcome of breaking Malvolios dignity to an extent as well as to expose his own foolishness. It is a different and more harsh response considering the fact that the play is unabashedly a comedy, yet the effect is similar when compared to the film version. Feste, however, is primarily known as not only a comedian, but rather bearer of truth in the comedy. Although he does not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisest person within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarks this by saying This fellows wise enough to play the fool. In a play where many of the characters have succumbed to varying levels of foolishness in their actions and long departed from what would be considered normal, Festes witty barbs present a sensibility that has been lost by those around them. The humor lies in this truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be a true fool by asking her what she was mourning about. While the answer is obviously the death of her beloved brother, the point Feste tried to make was why was Olivia mourning for a person whose soul is in heaven? Feste: Good madonna, why mournst thou? Olivia: Good Fool, for my brothers death. Feste: I think his soul is in hell, madonna. Olivia: I know his soul is in heaven, fool. Feste: The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul, being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen. .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .postImageUrl , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:hover , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:visited , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:active { border:0!important; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:active , .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708 .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubba5a61a180d10a337f3c1c93fddb708:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Woman in Black Argumentative EssayWith mourning of a loved one being considered a perfectly acceptable act, particularly with customs of the time in Western Europe, Feste takes a position of bringing a sensibility to his words that while logical, would not be immediately seen as such. However it is this truth that prevents Olivia from retaliating as she is caught in her own folly. In Twelfth Night, the definition of a fool is greatly challenged. While Feste is the easily the most recognizable fool, and hardly acts alone, his uncanny wit and unconventional approach to other characters that makes him the most memorable and important of the three fools. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-85858396330831072932020-04-14T18:41:00.001-07:002020-04-14T18:41:04.070-07:00Theories of European Integration free essay sample For many old ages, the academic survey of the European Communities ( EC ) , as they were so called, was virtually synonymous with the survey of European integrating. The ab initio modest and mostly technocratic accomplishments of the EC seemed less important than the possible that they represented for the gradual integrating of the states of western Europe into something else: a supranational civil order. When the integrating procedure was traveling good, as during the 1950s and early 1960s, neo-functionalists and other theoreticians sought to explicate the procedure whereby European integrating proceeded from modest sectoral beginnings to something broader and more ambitious. When things seemed to be traveling severely, as from the 1960s until the early 1980s, intergovernmentalists and others sought to explicate why the integrating procedure had non proceeded every bit swimmingly as its laminitiss had hoped. Regardless of the differences among these organic structures of theory, we can state clearly that the early literature on the EC sought to explicate the procedure of European integrating (instead than, state, policy-making ) , and that in making so it drew mostly ( but non entirely ) on theories of international dealingss. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of European Integration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first edition of this volume, Carole Webb ( 1977 ) surveyed the argument among the so dominant schools of European integrating, neo-functionalism, and intergovernmentalism, pulling from each attack a set of deductions and hypotheses about the nature of the EC policy procedure. Similarly, here we review neo-functionalism and its positions about the EU policy procedure, and so the intergovernmentalist response, every bit good as the updating of # 8216 ; broad intergovernmentalism # 8217 ; by Andrew Moravcsik in the 1990s. In add-on, we examine more recent organic structures of integrating theory-institutionalism and constructivism-which offer really different positions of the integrating procedure and really different deductions for EU policy-making. Neo-functionalism Neo-functionalism In 1958, on the Eve of the constitution of the EEC and Euratom, Ernst Haas published his seminal work, The Uniting of Europe, puting out a # 8216 ; neo-functionalist # 8217 ; theory of regional integrating. As elaborated in subsequent texts by Haas and other bookmans ( e. g. Haas 1961 ; Lindberg 1963 ; Lindberg and Scheingold 1970 ) , neo-functionalism posited a procedure of # 8216 ; functional spill-over # 8217 ; , in which the initial determination by authoritiess to put a certain sector, such as coal and steel, under the authorization of cardinal establishments creates force per unit areas to widen the authorization of the establishments into neighboring countries of policy, such as currency exchange rates, revenue enhancement, and rewards. Therefore, neo-functionalists predicted, sectoral integrating would bring forth the unintended and unanticipated effect of advancing farther integrating in extra issue countries. George ( 1991 ) identifies a 2nd strand of the spill-over pro cedure, which he calls # 8216 ; political # 8217 ; spill-over, in which both supranational histrions ( such as the Commission ) and subnational histrions ( involvement groups or others within the member provinces ) create extra force per unit areas for farther integrating. At the subnational degree, Haas suggested that involvement groups runing in an incorporate sector would hold to interact with the international organisation charged with the direction of their sector. Over clip, these groups would come to appreciate the benefits from integrating, and would thereby reassign their demands, outlooks, and even their truenesss from national authoritiess to a new Centre, therefore going an of import force for farther integrating. At the supranational degree, furthermore, organic structures such as the Commission would promote such a transportation of truenesss, advancing European policies and brokering deals among the member provinces so as to # 8216 ; upgrade the common involvement # 8217 ; . As a consequence of such sectoral and political spill-over, neo-functionalists predicted, sectoral integrating would go self-sufficient, taking to the creative activity of a new political entity with its Centre in Brussels. The most of import part of neo-functionalists to the survey of EU policy-making was their conceptualisation of a # 8216 ; Community method # 8217 ; of policy-making. As Webb pointed out, this ideal-type Community method was based mostly on the observation of a few specific sectors ( the common agricultural policy ( CAP ) , and the imposts brotherhood, see Chapters 4 and 15 ) during the formative old ages of the Community, and presented a distinguishable image of EC policy-making as a procedure driven by an entrepreneurial Commission and having supranational deliberation among member-state representatives in the Council. The Community method in this position was non merely a legal set of policy-making establishments but a # 8216 ; procedural codification # 8217 ; conditioning the outlooks and the behavior of the participants in the procedure. The cardinal elements of this original Community method, Webb ( 1977: 13-14 ) continued, were quadruple: 1.governments accept the Commission as a valid bargaining spouse and anticipate it to play an active function in constructing a policy consensus. 2.governments trade with each other with a committedness to problem-solving, and negotiate over how to accomplish corporate determinations, and non whether these are desirable or non. 3.governments, the Commission, and other participants in the procedure are antiphonal to each other, do non do unacceptable demands, and are willing to do short term forfeits in outlook of longer term additions. 4. Unanimity is the regulation, asking that dialogues continue until all expostulations are overcome or losingss in one country are compensated for by additions in another. Issues are non seen as separate but related in a uninterrupted procedure of determination such that # 8216 ; log-rolling # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; side payments # 8217 ; are possible. This Community method, Webb suggested, characterized EEC decision-making during the period from 1958 to 1963, as the original six member provinces met alongside the Commission to set in topographic point the indispensable elements of the EEC imposts brotherhood and the CAP. By 1965, nevertheless, Charles de Gaulle, the Gallic President, had precipitated the alleged # 8216 ; Luxembourg crisis # 8217 ; , take a firm standing on the importance of province sovereignty and arguably go againsting the inexplicit procedural codification of the Community method. The EEC, which had been scheduled to travel to extensive qualified bulk vote ( QMV ) in 1966, continued to take most determinations de factoby unanimity, the Commission emerged weakened from its confrontation with de Gaulle, and the nation-state appeared to hold reasserted itself. These inclinations were reinforced, furthermore, by developments in the seventiess, when economic recession led to the rise of new non-tariff barriers to merchandise among EC member provinces and when the intergovernmental facets of the Community were strengthened by the creative activity in 1974 of the European Council, a regular acme meeting of EU caputs of province and authorities. In add-on, the Committee of Permanent Representatives ( Coreper ) , an intergovernmental organic structure of member-state representatives, emerged as a important decision-making organic structure fixing statute law for acceptance by the Council of Ministers. Similarly, empirical surveies showed the importance of national gatekeeping establishments ( H. Wallace 1973 ) . Even some of the major progresss of this period, such as the creative activity of the European pecuniary system ( EMS ) in 1978 were taken outside the construction of the EEC Treaty, and with no formal function for the Commission or other supranational EC establishments. Intergovernmentalism Intergovernmentalism Reflecting these developments, a new # 8216 ; intergovernmentalist # 8217 ; school of integrating theory emerged, get downing with Stanley Hoffmann # 8217 ; s ( 1966 ) claim that the nation-state, far from being disused, had proven # 8216 ; obstinate # 8217 ; . Most evidently with de Gaulle, but subsequently with the accession of new member provinces such as the UK, Ireland, and Denmark in 1973, member authoritiess made clear that they would defy the gradual transportation of sovereignty to the Community, and that EC decision-making would reflect the go oning primacy of the nation-state. Under these fortunes, Haas himself ( 1976 ) pronounced the # 8216 ; obsolescence of regional integrating theory # 8217 ; , while other bookmans such as Paul Taylor ( 1983 ) , and William Wallace ( 1982 ) argued that neo-functionalists had underestimated the resiliency of the nation-state. At the same clip, historical scholarship by Alan Milward and others ( Milward 2000 ; Milward and Lynch 199 3 ) supported the position that EU member authoritiess, instead than supranational organisations, played the cardinal function in the historical development of the EU and were strengthened, instead than weakened, as a consequence of the integrating procedure. By contrast with neo-functionalists, the intergovernmentalist image suggested that # 8216 ; the bargaining and consensus edifice techniques which have emerged in the Communities are mere polishs of intergovernmental diplomatic negotiations # 8217 ; ( Webb 1977: 18 ) . And so, the early editions of Policy-Making in the European Communitiesfound important grounds of intergovernmental bargaining as the dominant manner of policy-making in many ( but non all ) issue countries. Broad intergovernmentalism Liberal intergovernmentalism The period from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s has been characterized as # 8216 ; the stagnation epoch # 8217 ; , both for the integrating procedure and for scholarship on the EU ( Keeler 2004 ; Jupille 2005 ) . While a dedicated nucleus of EU bookmans continued to progress the empirical survey of the EU during this period, much of this work either eschewed expansive theoretical claims about the integrating procedure or accepted with minor alterations the theoretical linguistic communication of the neo-functionalist/intergovernmentalist argument. With the # 8216 ; relaunching # 8217 ; of the integrating procedure in the mid-1980s, nevertheless, scholarship on the EU exploded, and the theoretical argument was revived. While some of this scholarship viewed the relaunching of the integrating procedure as a exoneration of earlier neo-functionalist theoretical accounts ( Tranholm-Mikkelsen 1991 ; Zysman and Sandholtz 1989 ) , Andrew Moravcsik ( 1993a, 1998 ) argued influentially that even these stairss frontward could be accounted for by a revised intergovernmental theoretical account stressing the power and penchants of EU member provinces. In other words, Moravcsik # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; broad intergovernmentalism # 8217 ; is a three-step theoretical account, which combines: ( 1 ) a broad theory of national penchant formation with ; ( 2 ) an intergovernmental theoretical account of EU-level bargaining ; and ( 3 ) a theoretical account of institutional pick stressing the function of international establishments in supplying # 8216 ; believable committednesss # 8217 ; for member authoritiess. In the first or broad phase of the theoretical account, national heads of authorities ( COGs ) aggregate the involvements of their domestic constituencies, every bit good as their ain involvements, and joint their several national penchants toward the EU. Thus, national penchants are complex, reflecting the typical economic sciences, parties, and establishments of ea ch member province, but they are determined domestically, non shaped by engagement in the EU, as some neo-functionalists had proposed. In the 2nd or intergovernmental phase, national authoritiess bring their penchants to the bargaining tabular array in Brussels, where understandings reflect the comparative power of each member province, and where supranational organisations such as the Commission exert small or no influence over policy results. By contrast with neo-functionalists, who emphasized the entrepreneurial and brokering functions of the Commission and the upgrading of the common involvement among member provinces in the Council, Moravcsik and other intergovernmentalists emphasized the hardball bargaining among member provinces and the importance of dickering power, bundle trades, and # 8216 ; side payments # 8217 ; as determiners of intergovernmental deals on the most of import EU determinations. Third and eventually, Moravcsik puts frontward a rational pick theory of institutional pick, reasoning that EU member provinces adopt peculiar EU institutions-pooling sovereignty through QMV, or deputing sovereignty to supranational histrions like the Commission and the Court-in order to increase the credibleness of their common committednesss. In this position, crowned head provinces seeking to collaborate among themselves constantly face a strong enticement to rip off or # 8216 ; desert # 8217 ; from their understandings. Pooling and deputing sovereignty through international organisations, he argues, allows provinces to perpetrate themselves believably to their common promises, by supervising province conformity with international understandings and make fulling in the spaces of wide international pacts, such as those that have constituted the EC/EU. In empirical footings, Moravcsik argues that the EU # 8217 ; s historic intergovernmental understandings, such as the 1957 Treaties of Rome and the 1992 Treaty on European Union ( TEU ) , were non driven chiefly by supranational enterprisers, unintended spillovers from earlier integrating, or multinational alliances of involvement groups, but instead by a gradual procedure of penchant convergence among the most powerful member provinces, which so struck cardinal deals among themselves, offered side-payments to smaller member provinces, and delegated purely limited powers to supranational organisations that remained more or less obedient retainers of the member provinces. Overarching the three stairss of this theoretical account is a # 8216 ; positivist model # 8217 ; of international cooperation. The relevant histrions are assumed to hold fixed penchants ( for wealth, power, etc ) , and move consistently to accomplish those penchants within the restraints posed by the establishments within which they act. As Moravcsik ( 1998: 19-20 ) points out: The term model (as opposed to theoryor theoretical account) is employed here to denominate a set of premises that permit us to disaggregate a phenomenon we seek to explain-in this instance, consecutive unit of ammunitions of international negotiations-into elements each of which can be treated individually. More focussed theories-each of class consistent with the premises of the overall positivist framework-are employed to explicate each component. The elements are so aggregated to make a multicausal account of a big complex result such as a major many-sided understanding. During the 1990s, broad intergovernmentalism emerged as arguably the taking theory of European integrating, yet its basic theoretical premises were questioned by international dealingss bookmans coming from two different waies. A first group of bookmans, collected under the rubrics of rational pick and historical institutionalism, accepted Moravcsik # 8217 ; s positivist premises, but rejected his spare, institutionfree theoretical account of intergovernmental bargaining as an accurate description of the EU policy procedure. By contrast, a 2nd school of idea, pulling from sociological institutionalism and constructivism, raised more cardinal expostulations to the methodological individuality of rational pick theory in favor of an attack in which national penchants and individualities were shaped, at least in portion, by EU norms and regulations. The # 8216 ; new institutionalisms # 8217 ; in rational pick The ââ¬Ënew institutionalismsââ¬â¢ in rational pick The rise of institutionalist analysis of the EU did non develop in isolation, but reflected a gradual and widespread re-introduction of establishments into a big organic structure of theories ( such as pluralism, Marxism, and neo-realism ) , in which establishments had been either absent or considered epiphenomenal, contemplations of deeper causal factors or procedures such as capitalist economy or the distribution of power in domestic societies or in the international system. By contrast with these institution-free histories of political relations, which dominated much of political scientific discipline between the 1950s and the 1970s, three primary # 8216 ; institutionalisms # 8217 ; developed during the class of the 1980s and early 1990s, each with a distinguishable definition of establishments and a distinguishable history of how they # 8216 ; affair # 8217 ; in the survey of political relations ( March and Olsen 1984, 1989 ; Hall and Taylor 1996 ) . The first arose within the rational-choice attack to the survey of political relations, as pioneered by pupils of American political relations. Rational pick institutionalism began with the attempt by American political scientists to understand the beginnings and effects of US Congressional establishments on legislative behavior and policy results. More specifically, rational pick bookmans noted that majoritarian theoretical accounts of Congressional decision-making predicted that policy results would be inherently unstable, since a simple bulk of policy-makers could ever organize a alliance to turn over bing statute law, yet substantial bookmans of the US Congress found considerable stableness in Congressional policies. In this context, Kenneth Shepsle ( 1979, 1986 ) argued that Congressional establishments, and in peculiar the commission system, could bring forth # 8216 ; structure-induced equilibrium # 8217 ; , by governing some options as allowable or impermissible, and by stru cturing the voting power and the veto power of assorted histrions in the decision-making procedure. More late, Shepsle and others have turned their attending to the job of # 8216 ; equilibrium establishments # 8217 ; , viz. , how histrions choose or design establishments to procure common additions, and how those establishments change or persist over clip. Shepsle # 8217 ; s invention and the subsequent development of the rational pick attack to establishments have produced a figure of theoretical outgrowths with possible applications to both comparative and international political relations. For illustration, Shepsle and others have examined in some item the # 8216 ; agenda-setting # 8217 ; power of Congressional commissions, which can direct bill of exchange statute law to the floor that is frequently easier to follow than it is to amend. In another outgrowth, pupils of the US Congress have developed # 8216 ; principal-agent # 8217 ; theoretical accounts of Congressional deputation to regulative bureaucratisms and to tribunals, and they have problematized the conditions under which legislative principals are able-or unable-to control their several agents ( Moe 1984 ; Kiewiet and McCubbins 1991 ) . More late, Epstein and O # 8217 ; Halloran ( 1999 ) , and others ( Huber and Shipan 2002 ) have pioneered a # 8216 ; transaction-co st attack # 8217 ; to the design of political establishments, reasoning that legislators intentionally and consistently plan political establishments to minimise the dealing costs associated with the devising of public policy. Although originally formulated and applied in the context of American political establishments, rational-choice institutionalist penetrations # 8216 ; travel # 8217 ; to other domestic and international contexts, and were rapidly taken up by pupils of the EU. Reacting to the increasing importance of EU institutional regulations, such as the cooperation and co-decision processs, these writers argued that strictly intergovernmental theoretical accounts of EU decision-making underestimated the causal importance of formal EU regulations in determining policy results. In an early application of rational-choice theory to the EU, for illustration, Fritz Scharpf ( 1988 ) argued that the inefficiency and rigidness of the CAP and other EU policies was due non merely to the EU # 8217 ; s intergovernmentalism, but besides to specific institutional regulations, such as consentaneous decision-making and the # 8216 ; default status # 8217 ; in the event that the member provinces failed to hold on a common policy. By the mid-1990s, George Tsebelis, Geoffrey Garrett, and many others sought to pattern the selection-and in peculiar the functioning-of EU establishments, including the acceptance, executing, and adjudication of EU public policies, in footings of rational pick. Many of these surveies drew progressively on relevant literatures from comparative political relations, and are hence reviewed in the 2nd portion of this chapter. By contrast, sociological institutionalism and constructivist attacks in international dealingss defined establishments much more loosely to include informal norms and conventions every bit good as informal regulations. They argued that such establishments could # 8216 ; constitute # 8217 ; histrions, determining their individualities and hence their penchants in ways that rational-choice attacks could non capture ( see following subdivision ) . Historical institutionalists took up a place between these two cantonments, concentrating on the effects of establishments over clip, in peculiar on the ways in which a given set of establishments, one time established, can act upon or cons develop the behavior of the histrions who established them. In its initial preparations ( Hall 1986 ; Thelen and Steinmo 1992 ) , historical institutionalism was seen as holding double effects, act uponing both the restraints on single histrions andtheir penchants, thereby doing the theory a # 8216 ; large collapsible shelter # 8217 ; , embracing the nucleus penetrations of the positivist and constructivist cantonments. their penchants, thereby doing the theory a ââ¬Ëbig tentââ¬â¢ , embracing the nucleus penetrations of the positivist and constructivist cantonments. What makes historical institutionalism distinctive, nevertheless, is its accent on the effects of establishments on political relations over clip. In possibly the most sophisticated presentation of this thought, Paul Pierson ( 2000 ) has argued that political establishments are characterized by what economic experts call # 8216 ; increasing returns # 8217 ; , insofar as they create inducements for histrions to lodge with and non abandon bing establishments, accommodating them merely incrementally in response to altering fortunes. Therefore, political relations should be characterized by certain interconnected phenomena, including: inactiveness, or # 8216 ; lock-ins # 8217 ; , whereby bing establishments may stay in equilibrium for extended periods despite considerable political alteration ; a critical function for timing and sequencing, in which comparatively little and contingent events at critical occasions early in a sequence form events that occur subsequently ; and path-depe ndence, in which early determinations provide inducements for histrions to perpetuate institutional and policy picks inherited from the yesteryear, even when the ensuing results are obviously inefficient. Understood in this visible radiation, historical institutionalist analyses typically begin with rationalist premises about histrion penchants, and continue to analyze how establishments can determine the behavior of rational histrions over clip through institutional lock-ins and procedures of way dependance. In recent old ages, these penetrations have been applied progressively to the development of the EU, with assorted writers stressing the temporal dimension of European integrating ( Armstrong and Bulmer 1998 ) . Pierson # 8217 ; s ( 1996b ) survey of path-dependence in the EU, for illustration, seeks to understand Piersonââ¬â¢s ( 1996b ) survey of path-dependence in the EU, for illustration, seeks to understand European integrating as a procedure that unfolds over clip, and the conditions under which path-dependent procedures are most likely to happen. Working from basically rationalist premises, Pierson argues that, despite the initial primacy of member authoritiess in the design of EU establishments and policies, # 8216 ; gaps # 8217 ; may happen in the ability of member authoritiess to command the subsequent development of establishments and policies, for four grounds. First, member authoritiess in democratic societies may, because of electoral concerns, use a high # 8216 ; price reduction rate # 8217 ; to the hereafter, holding to EU policies that lead to a long-run loss of national control in return for short-run electoral returns. Second, even when authoritiess do non to a great extent dismiss the hereafter, unintended effects of institutional picks can make extra spreads, which member authoritiess may or may non be able to shut through subsequent action. Third, the penchants of m ember authoritiess are likely to alter over clip, most evidently because of electoral turnover, go forthing new authoritiess with new penchants to inherit an acquis communautairenegotiated by, and harmonizing to the penchants of, a old authorities. Give the frequent demand of consentaneous vote ( or the high hurdle of QMV ) to turn over past institutional and policy picks, single member authoritiess are likely to happen themselves # 8216 ; immobilized by the weight of past enterprises # 8217 ; ( Pierson 1996b: 137 ) . Finally, EU establishments and policies can go locked-in non merely as a consequence of change-resistant establishments from above, but besides through the incremental growing of entrenched support for bing establishments from below, as social histrions adapt to and develop a vested involvement in the continuance of specific EU policies. In the country of societal policy, for illustration, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) has developed law on issues such as gend er equity and workplace wellness and safety that surely exceeded the initial outlooks of the member provinces ; yet these determinations have proven hard to turn over back, both because of the demand for consentaneous understanding to turn over ECJ determinations and because domestic constituencies have developed a vested involvement in their continued application. At their best, historical institutionalist analyses offer non merely the commonplace observation that establishments are # 8216 ; gluey # 8217 ; , but besides a tool kit for foretelling and explicating underwhat conditionswe should anticipate institutional lock-ins and path-dependent behavior. More specifically, we should anticipate that, ceteris paribus, establishments and policies will be most immune to alter: where their change requires a consentaneous understanding among member provinces, or the consent of supranational histrions like the Commission or the Parliament ; and where bing EU policies mobilize cross-national bases of support that raise the cost of change by reversaling or significantly revising them. Both factors vary across issue countries, and we should therefore expect fluctuation in the stableness and path-dependent character of EU establishments and policies. To take one illustration, the EU structural financess might at first glimpse seem to be an ideal campaigner for path-dependent behavior, much like the CAP. By contrast with the CAP, nevertheless, the structural financess must be reauthorized at periodic intervals by a consentaneous understanding among the member provinces, giving fractious provinces periodic chances to blackball their continuance. Furthermore, because the structural financess are explicitly framed as redistributive reassigning money from rich provinces and parts to hapless 1s, we see an uneven form of trust upon and support for the structural financess among member provinces and their citizens. The practical consequence of these differences is that EU authoritiess have been able to reform the structural financess more readily, and with less incidence of path-dependence, than we find in the CAP, which has so resisted all but the most incremental alteration ( see Chapters 7 and 9 ) . In amount, for both rational-choice and historical institutionalists, EU establishments # 8216 ; affair # 8217 ; , determining both the policy procedure and policy results in predictable ways, and so determining the long-run procedure of European integrating. In both instances, nevertheless, the effects of EU establishments are assumed to act upon merely the inducements facing the assorted public and private actors-the histrions themselves are assumed to stay unchanged in their cardinal penchants and individualities. Indeed, despite their differences on substantial issues, broad intergovernmentalism, rational-choice institutionalism, and most historical institutionalism arguably constitute a shared positivist research agenda-a community of bookmans runing from similar basic premises and seeking to prove hypotheses about the most of import determiners of European integrating. Constructivism, and reshaping European individualities and penchants Constructivism, and reshaping European individualities and penchants Constructivist theory did non get down with the survey of the EU-indeed, as Thomas Risse ( 2004 ) points out in an first-class study, constructivism came to EU surveies comparatively late, with the publication of a particular issue of the Journal of European Public Policyon the # 8216 ; Social Construction of Europe # 8217 ; in 1999. Yet since so constructivist theoreticians have been speedy to use their theoretical tools to the EU, assuring to cast visible radiation on its potentially profound effects on the peoples and authoritiess of Europe. Constructivism is a notoriously hard theory to depict compactly. Indeed, like rational pick, constructivism is non a substantial theory of European integrating at all, but a broader # 8216 ; meta-theoretical # 8217 ; orientation with deductions for the survey of the EU. As Risse ( 2004: 161 ) explains: [ I ] T is likely most utile to depict constructivism as based on a societal ontology which insists that human agents do non be independently from their societal environment and its jointly shared systems of significances ( # 8216 ; civilization # 8217 ; in a wide sense ) . This is in contrast to the methodological individuality of rational pick harmonizing to which # 8216 ; [ t ] he simple unit of societal life is the single human action # 8217 ; . The cardinal penetration of the agency-structure argument, which lies at the bosom of many societal constructivist plants, is non merely that constructions and agents are reciprocally co-determined. The important point is that constructivists insist on the constitutivenessof ( societal ) constructions and agents. The societal environment in which we find ourselves, # 8216 ; constitutes # 8217 ; who we are, our individualities as societal existences. ( mentions removed ) For constructivists, establishments are understood loosely to i nclude non merely formal regulations but besides informal norms, and these regulations and norms are expected to # 8216 ; constitute # 8217 ; histrions, i. e. to determine their individualities and their penchants. Actor penchants, hence, are non exogenously given and fixed, as in positivist theoretical accounts, but endogenousto establishments, and persons # 8217 ; individualities shaped and re-shaped by their societal environment. Taking this statement to its logical decision, constructivists by and large reject the rationalist construct of histrions as utility-maximizers runing harmonizing to a # 8216 ; logic of consequentiality # 8217 ; , in favor of March and Olsen # 8217 ; s ( 1989: 160-2 ) construct of a # 8216 ; logic of rightness # 8217 ; . In this position, histrions facing a given state of affairs do non confer with a fixed set of penchants and cipher their actions in order to maximise their expected public-service corporation, but look to socially constructed fun ctions and institutional regulations and inquire what kind of behavior is appropriate in that state of affairs. Constructivism, hence, offers a basically different position of human bureau from rational-choice attacks, and it suggests that establishments influence single individualities, penchants, and behavior in more profound ways than those hypothesized by rational-choice theoreticians. A turning figure of bookmans has argued that EU establishments form non merely the behavior, but besides the penchants and individualities of persons and member authoritiess ( Sandholtz 1993 ; J # 1096 ; rgensen 1997 ; Lewis 1998 ) . This statement has been put most forcefully by Thomas Christiansen, Knud Erik J # 1096 ; rgensen, and Antje Wiener in their debut to the particular issue of the Journal of European Public Policy (1999: 529 ) : A important sum of grounds suggests that, as a procedure, European integrating has a transformative impact on the European province system and its constitutional units. European integrating itself has changed over the old ages, and it is sensible to presume that in the procedure agents # 8217 ; individuality and later their involvements have every bit changed. While this facet of alteration can be theorized within constructivist positions, it will stay mostly unseeable in attacks that neglect procedures of individuality formation and/or assume involvements to be given endogenously. In other words, the writers begin with the claim that the EU is so reshaping national individualities and penchants, and reject positivist attacks for their inability to foretell and explicate these phenomena. Not surprisingly, constructivist histories of the EU have been forcefully rebutted by positivist theoreticians ( Moravcsik 1999 ; Checkel and Moravcsik 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Moravcsik ( 1999: 670 ) constructivist theoreticians raise an interesting and of import set of inquiries about the effects of European integrating on persons and provinces. Yet, he argues, constructivists have failed to do a important part to our empirical apprehension of European integrating, for two grounds. First, constructivists typically fail to build # 8216 ; distinct confirmable hypotheses # 8217 ; , choosing alternatively for wide interpretative models that can do sense of about any possible result, and are hence non capable to disproof through empirical analysis. Second, even if constructivists dopostulate hypotheses that are in rule confirmable, they by and large do non explicate and prove those hypotheses so as to separate clearly between constructivist anticipations and their positivist opposite numbers. Until constructivists test their hypotheses, and do so against prevailing and distinguishable positivist theoretical accounts, he argues, constructivism will non come down # 8216 ; from the clouds # 8217 ; ( Checkel and Moravcsik 2001 ) . Constructivists might react that Moravcsik privileges rational-choice accounts and sets a higher criterion for constructivist hypotheses ( since rational-choice bookmans typically do non try to prove their ain hypotheses against viing constructivist preparations ) . Many # 8216 ; post-positivist # 8217 ; bookmans, furthermore, difference Moravcsik # 8217 ; s image of EU surveies as # 8216 ; scientific discipline # 8217 ; , with its attendant claims of objectiveness and of an aim, cognizable universe. For such bookmans, Moravcsik # 8217 ; s name for confirmable hypothesis-testing appears as a power-laden demand that # 8216 ; non-conformist # 8217 ; theories play harmonizing to the regulations of a positivist, and chiefly American, societal scientific discipline ( J # 1096 ; rgensen 1997: 6-7 ) . To the extent that constructivists do so reject positivism and the systematic testing of viing hypotheses, the rationalist/constructivist argument would look to hold reached a # 8216 ; metatheoretical # 8217 ; impasse-that is to state, constructivists and positivists fail to hold on a common criterion for judging what constitutes support for one or another attack. In recent old ages, nevertheless, an increasing figure of constructivist theoreticians have embraced positivism-the impression that constructivist hypotheses can, and should, be tested and validated or falsified empirically-and these bookmans have produced a batch of constructivist work that attempts strictly to prove hypotheses about socialisation, norm-diffusion, and corporate penchant formation in the EU ( Wendt 1999 ; Checkel 2003 ; Risse 2004: 160 ) . Some of these surveies, including Liesbet Hooghe # 8217 ; s ( 2002, 2005 ) extended analysis of the attitudes of Commission functionaries, and several surveies of national functionaries take parting in EU commissions ( Beyers and Dierickx 1998 ; Egeberg 1999 ) , use quantitative methods to prove hypotheses about the nature and determiners of functionaries # 8217 ; attitudes, including socialisation in national every bit good as European establishments. Such surveies, undertaken with methodological cogencies and with a blunt cover age of findings, seem to show that that EU-level socialisation, although non excluded, plays a comparatively little function by comparing with national-level socialisation, or that EU socialisation interacts with other factors in complex ways. Other surveies, including Checkel # 8217 ; s ( 1999, 2003 ) survey of citizenship norms in the EU and the Council of Europe, and Lewis # 8217 ; s ( 1998, 2003 ) analysis of decision-making in the EU # 8217 ; s Coreper, utilize qualitative instead than quantitative methods, but are likewise designed to prove confirmable hypotheses about whether, and under what conditions, EU functionaries are socialized into new norms, penchants, and individualities. As a consequence, the metatheoretical gulf dividing positivists and constructivists appears to hold narrowed well, and EU bookmans have arguably led the manner in facing and-possibly-reconciling the two theoretical attacks. Three bookmans ( Jupille, Caporaso, and Checkel 2003 ) have late put forward a model for advancing integrating of-or at least a fruitful duologue between-rationalist and constructivist attacks to international dealingss. Rationalism and constructivism, the writers argue, are non hopelessly incommensurate, but can prosecute each other through # 8216 ; four distinguishable manners of theoretical conversation # 8217 ; , viz. : competitory testing, in which viing theories are pitted against each other in explicating a individual event or category of events ; a # 8216 ; sphere of application # 8217 ; attack, in which each theory is considered to explicate some sub-set of empirical world, so that, for illustration, utility-maximizing and strategic bargaining obtain in certain fortunes, while socialisation and corporate penchant formation obtain in others ; a # 8216 ; sequencing # 8217 ; attack, in which one theory may assist explicate a peculiar measure in a sequence of actions ( e. g. a constructivist account of national penchants ) while another theory might outdo explain subsequent developments ( e. g. a rationalist account of subsequent bargaining among the histrions ) ; and # 8216 ; incorporation # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; minor premise # 8217 ; , in which one theory claims to subsume the other so that, for illustration, rational pick becomes a sub-set of human behavior finally explicable in footings of the societal building of modern reason. Looking at the substantial empirical work in their particular issue, Jupille, Caporaso and Checkel ( 2003 ) find that most parts to the rationalist/constructivist argument utilize competitory testing, while merely a few ( see, for illustration, Schimmelfennig 2003a) have adopted sphere of application, sequencing, or minor premise attacks. However, they see significant advancement in the argument, in which both sides by and large accept a common criterion of empirical testing as the standard for utile speculating about EU political relations. Integration theory today Integration theory today European integrating theory is far more complex than it was in 1977 when the first edition of this volume was published. In topographic point of the traditional neo-functionalist/ intergovernmentalist argument, the 1990s witnessed the outgrowth of a new duality in EU surveies, opposing rationalist bookmans against constructivists. During the late 1990s, it appeared that this argument might good turn into a metatheoretical duologue of the deaf, with positivists disregarding constructivists as # 8216 ; soft # 8217 ; , and constructivists denouncing positivists for their obsessional committedness to parsimoniousness and formal theoretical accounts. The past several old ages, nevertheless, have witnessed the outgrowth of a more productive duologue between the two attacks, and a steady watercourse of empirical surveies leting us to judge between the viing claims of the two attacks. Furthermore, whereas the neo-functionalist/intergovernmentalist argument was limited about entirely to the survey of European integration,3 the modern-day rationalist/ constructivist argument in EU surveies mirrors larger arguments among those same schools in the broader field of international dealingss theory. Indeed, non merely are EU surveies relevantto the wider survey of international dealingss, they are in many ways the vanguardof international dealingss theory, in so far as the EU serves as a research lab for broader procedures such as globalisation, institutionalization, and socialisation. Despite these significant steps of advancement, nevertheless, the literature on European integrating has non produced any consensus on the likely future way of the integrating procedure. At the hazard of overgeneralising, more optimistic theoreticians tend to be drawn from the ranks of neo-functionalists and constructivists, who point to the potency for farther integrating, the former through functional and political spillovers, and the latter through gradual alterations in both # 1081 ; lite and mass individualities and penchants as a consequence of drawn-out and productive cooperation. In empirical footings, these analysts often point to the rapid development of new establishments and policies in the 2nd and 3rd pillars, and the increasing usage of the alleged # 8216 ; unfastened method of coordination # 8217 ; ( OMC ) to turn to issues that had been beyond the range of EU competency. Rationalist and intergovernmentalist critics, on the other manus, tend to be doubting sing clai ms of both spill-over and socialisation, indicating to the hapless record of Commission entrepreneurship over the past decennary and the thin grounds for socialisation of national functionaries into European penchants or individualities, observing that the Commission has proven to be a hapless stimulator of political spill-over in recent old ages. For these bookmans, the EU may good stand for an # 8216 ; equilibrium civil order # 8217 ; , one in which functional force per unit areas for farther integrating are basically spent, and in which the current degree of institutional and policy integrating is improbable to alter well for the foreseeable hereafter ( Moravcsik 2001: 163 ) . Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-41756254296955831522020-03-12T05:46:00.001-07:002020-03-12T05:46:02.445-07:00Wind Technology essaysWind Technology essays Since early history, people have been harnessing the energy of the wind. Wind energy propels boats along rivers, simple windmills, and pumping water as early as 5000 B.C. New ways of using the energy of the wind eventually spread around the world. By the 11th century, people in the Middle East were using windmills extensively. Settlers took this new technology to the New World in the 19th century. They began using windmills to pump water for farms and ranches, and later, to generate electricity for homes and industries. In the 1940s large wind turbines began to operate small industries. Wind turbines fall into two basic categories, the horizontal-axis variety, and the vertical-axis design. Modern wind turbines take advantage of many of today's high-tech technology uses such as aerodynamics, engineering, and electronics. Wind turbines that are grouped together are called "wind farms", and generate a lot of bulk electrical power. Wind farms are in a variety of sizes and power ratings, depending on the location of where the farm is located. Some of the wind turbine propellers can span more than the length of a football field, and can stand up to twenty stories high, which creates enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. Some of the smaller turbines are 8-25 feet in diameter, and stand up to approximately thirty feet tall, which supplies the electrical needs of a small business or an all electric home. Constructing electric-generating wind turbines, regardless of the shape or size, consists of the rotor, the electrical generator, a speed control system, and a tower. Some wind turbines have the options of fail-safe shutdown systems. Fail-safe shutdown systems are designed to turn the blades out of the wind, or simply "put on the brakes" in the event of a mechanical failure. Wind energy is abundant throughout the United States. Characterized by wind-power density classes, ranging from the lowest c ... Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-49894224563584446272020-02-24T20:10:00.001-08:002020-02-24T20:10:03.723-08:00Neoclassicism in Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsNeoclassicism in Music - Essay Example Neoclassicism as a musical term was not coined until sometime after its supposed development began. Rather than a style of composition, the term initially referred to a conception or reaction to a musical historical event. That is, Neoclassicism represents a way of viewing music history as a reaction to the contemporary trends in fin-de-sicle France that regarded the current musical trajectory as one that was defined for the most part by German musical historical conceptions and aesthetic trends. Namely, the music of Wagner was perceived by a growing number in France as, decadent and unduly romantic. However, the original use of the word "neoclassicism" did not refer to originally to a reaction to the German Romantics, but a somewhat derisive term to refer to writers and other artists, who parroted Greek and Roman themes as a kind of sterile, lifeless, pastiche-rather than a reinvigoration of the classical spirit that perhaps one might envision such a term connoting. Thus, the neocla ssical style in music was more correctly labeled at the time Nouveau Classicisme. Messing then explicates the role that composers such as Saint-Saens, Debussy and Ravel whose interests in composers before Beethoven such as Mozart, Bach, Handel and even earlier such as the work of the Couperin family played out in some of their compositions. Messing technical analysis of the musicological comparisons between the work of these new classical French composers and their classical counterparts reveals a rhythmic and structural similarity. Yet that similarity did not extend across the new classical scene, rather the particular inspiration that the above composers chose was modified and developed so as to make any comparison between say Saint-Saens and Debussy much more tendentious. Therefore, Messing notes to place this musical aesthetic ideal under some uniform stylistic rubric called "neoclassicism" was invalid. In another chapter, Messing deals with post-war neoclassical analysis through the work of Igor Stravinsky and the eventually polemic that developed between his followers and the Arthur Schoenberg and his revolutionary serialist style. Moreover, as Messing suggests neoclassicism as a distinct music style with specific gestures did not congeal until after the war and its juxtaposition with the work of Schoenberg. It seems according to Messing that the intervening war caused a radical shift in understanding of the term and its followers from one which represent a musico-historical reaction to Wagner in France, to a theoretical shift in composition. The disparate influences of the earlier neo-classicists seemed to have been conflated together in the comparison to the work of Schoenberg and his prodigious number of students. Moreover, it can be seen that Stravinsky's music, which was supposedly indicative of this specific style was no so radically different from the work of Schoenberg, a nd thus suggesting that only are the differences between neoclassicism and serialism overwrought and artificial. It also reveals that to conceive of neoclassicism in Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-46261792148480697322020-02-08T12:58:00.001-08:002020-02-08T12:58:03.487-08:00Upward mobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsUpward mobility - Essay Example This third time-level represents one facet of several possible comparisons between the narrator and Sa'eed, all urged by the construction of the novel around this pair of characters.At the very beginning of the novel, the narrator refers to his time in England as seven years of longing and describes the place as "a land 'whose fishes die of the cold'". The narrator's characterizations of his studies abroad are typically vague and completely lacking in detail (as in the preceding example) or dismissive. The narrative of Mustafa Sa'eed's experiences as a student, intellectual and Sudanese expatriate in England. This time-level first appears relatively late in comparison with the other time-levels, (Tayeb , 183) After offering this optimistic cross-cultural comparison, the narrator notes the ominously silent Mustafa Sa'eed, who "said nothing". Sa'eed's silence parallels the narrator's own reticence to share all his thoughts with the villagers, a reticence which possibly reflects deeper misgivings about the truth of his upbeat observation. The narrator thinks to himself that in England, just as in the Sudan. Some are strong and some arc weak; that some have been given more than they deserve by life, while others have been deprived by it, but that the differences are narrowing and most of the weak are no longer weak. This comparison begs the question, however, of whether the same can be said of the relationship between England and the Sudan, rather than within both England and the Sudan.30 For Sa'eed, as both we and the narrator learn in subsequent chapters, a chasm separates East/South from North/West, a gulf reflecting powerlessness and power, respectively, in response to which he embarks on his personal program of violent revenge. Even before Sa'eed's story is begun, however, Sa'eed questions the relevance of the narrator's experiences abroad. Sa'eed introduces himself to the narrator and remarks, in a vaguely dismissive manner, on the latter's achievements. (Tayeb , 183) Solid and unproblematic values, the humanistic act of studying another culture's literature, and the virtue of humility, all appear in conjunction with the narrator's experiences in Europe. Yet the dissimulation calls into question the values implicit in the narrator's very general description of his experiences abroad. Sa'eed responds by attacking the narrator's choice of subject: "We have no need of poetry here". Sa'eed's blunt criticism reflects the unviability of the naive model offered by the narrator for a possible relationship between England and the Sudan. The eager Sudanese student assiduously applying himself to the acquisition of the higher (in both senses) European literary culture offers, for Sa'eed, a pathetic reflex of the rapa ciousness of European Orientalism (including philology): "a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient. Even though it is Mustafa Sa'eed who is speaking, the narrator's own experiences in an idealized England populated by poets, humanists, and doctoral candidates render English poetry intelligible to him. Ironically, precisely those idealized experiences allow him to perceive Mustafa Sa'eed as an interloper in the otherwise (also highly idealized) cultural homogeneity and simplicity of the village. The narrator's Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-11229337326316065972020-01-29T20:48:00.001-08:002020-01-29T20:48:03.715-08:00Factors affecting intellectual development Essay Example for Free Factors affecting intellectual development Essay -Whichever has a bigger influence remains a debate until now because some studies proved that heredity has a bigger influence on intelligence while some studies showed the opposite. The important point is that the interplay of both heredity and environment is essential for maximum development of the intellectual abilities of the individual. Other factors affecting Intelligence: 1. Culture Different cultures foster different patterns of ability. For instance, students from Sri Lanka showed higher score in verbal ability than the Americans. -This can be explained by the fact that in Sri Lanka, the philosophers and the poets were admired rather than the scientists or engineers. 2. Sex It is not true that males are more intelligent than females. However, studies show that boys excel girls in spatial ability, in problem solving, and numerical ability whereas girls excel boys in memory, reasoning, and fluency. -The difference is not due to solve problems since they will be the heads of the families. Girls have been trained to do light work since they will be the homemakers, anyway. 3. Health Studies have shown that high IQ goes with healthy condition of the body. -In school; healthy children have better chances of learning, they can concentrate better in their studies and they are often active and enthusiastic about classroom activities. 4. Race No one race is endowed with better intelligence than others. -Differences in achievement of races are due to better opportunities and facilities found in developed countries. 5. Socio-economic status Studies have shown that children from higher socio-economic scored higher inà intelligence tests. -Again, greater opportunities and money account for this. The rich can send their children to better schools and can provide stimulating environment to their children. However, there are geniuses and idiots among them as there are among the poor. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-66739007902650430892020-01-21T17:12:00.001-08:002020-01-21T17:12:02.485-08:00Macbeth-Tragic Hero :: essays research papers Macbeth-Tragic Hero à à à à à As I finished reading Macbeth by William Shakespeare I realized the true reason that Macbeth is considered a tragic hero. Like all other tragic heroââ¬â¢s he had many good things going for him in his life before he messes with self- destructing things and threw it all away. à à à à à Macbeth had a great marriage, he was Thane of Glamis, the people and the king respected him and he was well liked. He was a generally happy person without much greed or jealousy in his life. This was until evil and the devil overcame him. He started getting greedy and wanted more. Once the thought of being king entered his head and once he shared that with his wife, there was no turning back. He was bound to destruction. à à à à à Macbeth was weak because he allowed his wife saying that he was not a true man get to him. He had to prove to his wife that he was a man and his only way of doing that was through murder. Even though he had hesitations and second thoughts about it, he did it out of love for his wife and the possibility of his triumph; he may actually become king. He allowed this to become an obsession and he did end up killing Duncan, his king. This started him down the road of doom. He suddenly had a very evil streak that was never there before and this was revealed more often than ever. He began letting the evil take over and murdering more and more people thinking that he was only saving himself. What he did not realize was that he was only harming himself in the long run. He was driving himself mad and he was no longer himself. à à à à à Macbeth was just like other tragic heroââ¬â¢s such as Elvis Presley. Elvis had much going for him and he thought that the drugs and alcohol were helping him deal with his stress and fame but in the long run it killed him. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-5014431224199462242020-01-13T13:36:00.001-08:002020-01-13T13:36:02.550-08:00A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly ForceDomestic violence causes far more pain than the visible marks of bruises and scars. It is devastating to be abused by someone that you love and think loves you in return. My resolution that I will be debating is ââ¬Å"A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly Force is a Just Response to Repeated Domestic Violenceâ⬠. Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family.I value the life of both parties including the person who is committing the act of domestic violence. The victim of domestic violence isnââ¬â¢t justified in using deadly force unless the person is committing an act of domestic violence on the victim right that moment. That statement brings me to my first contention, the life of each person involved in a domestic violence dispute are both important. If you are the victim of repeated domestic violence you shouldnââ¬â¢t use deadly force unless itââ¬â¢s in self defense. Read this ââ¬Å"The Secrets of Haitiââ¬â¢s Living Deadâ⬠Murder in the first degree is any murder that is willful and premeditated and by killing the man or woman that committed the act of domestic violence you are indeed going to prison to be put on death row. Jodi Arias a young woman killed her boyfriend Travis Alexander and lied about it for two years in 2008. Then in 2010 she confessed to killing her boyfriend in self defense by shooting him once and stabbing him 27 times. Arias say Alexander attacked her, but police say she planned the attack in a jealous rage. Jodi said that that Travis often had violent outburst that resulted in domestic violence. My second contention A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly Force Domestic violence causes far more pain than the visible marks of bruises and scars. It is devastating to be abused by someone that you love and think loves you in return. My resolution that I will be debating is ââ¬Å"A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly Force is a Just Response to Repeated Domestic Violenceâ⬠. Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family.I value the life of both parties including the person who is committing the act of domestic violence. The victim of domestic violence isnââ¬â¢t justified in using deadly force unless the person is committing an act of domestic violence on the victim right that moment. That statement brings me to my first contention, the life of each person involved in a domestic violence dispute are both important. If you are the victim of repeated domestic violence you shouldnââ¬â¢t use deadly force unless itââ¬â¢s in self defense. Read this ââ¬Å"The Secrets of Haitiââ¬â¢s Living Deadâ⬠Murder in the first degree is any murder that is willful and premeditated and by killing the man or woman that committed the act of domestic violence you are indeed going to prison to be put on death row. Jodi Arias a young woman killed her boyfriend Travis Alexander and lied about it for two years in 2008. Then in 2010 she confessed to killing her boyfriend in self defense by shooting him once and stabbing him 27 times. Arias say Alexander attacked her, but police say she planned the attack in a jealous rage. Jodi said that that Travis often had violent outburst that resulted in domestic violence. My second contention Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-72258448377438084112020-01-05T09:59:00.001-08:002020-01-05T09:59:04.250-08:00The Heroic Stand Of Crossing Into Womanhood - 1898 Words Jasmine Ware July 26, 2016 Research Essay A Bold Act of Love: The Heroic Stand of Crossing into Womanhood In Henrik Ibsenââ¬â¢s play A Doll House he uses an individual female, Nora Helmer, as being the most predominant character who has been controlled most of her life by her father and husband. Noraââ¬â¢s husband, Torvald Helmer, is seen to be an overprotected husband that leads Nora to believe she is a precious little doll in obeying his commands. During the play Ibsen uses another character, Nils Krogstad, who soon begins to become a part of Nora and Torvaldââ¬â¢s marriage. Mr. Krogstad is a bank clerk that was under the management of Torvald, but later in the story he is threatened to lose his job. In the play, Nora and Krogstad become partnersâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Clearly Nora does not have the proper means financially, physically, or educationally to maintain a stable household for her kids and husband. Noraââ¬â¢s relationship with her father and Torvald has shaped her into the woman she is posing to be. She is under a mutual control being a shadow of what they want her to be. Many people see Nora as being the weakest link in this poem, considering her lack of ability to voice her opinion. Throughout the play, Torvald constantly uses little childish names when addressing Nora perhaps when he says ââ¬Å"Is that my little lark twittering out there?â⬠(Ibsen 1190). Noraââ¬â¢s mindset clearly begins to overlook the fact that Torvald may be picking at her in a way. Torvald is also seen to be picking at Nora for eating macaroons when he makes the statement ââ¬Å"Surely my sweet tooth hasnââ¬â¢t been running riot in town today, has she?â⬠(Ibsen 1192). This clearly states that Torvaldââ¬â¢s opinion of macaroons is invalid for Nora, because he would not want her to become fat in possibly ruining his image. Noraââ¬â¢s childhood is the birth of all future relationships that grants control, which makes Nora feel as if she has no power in being an independent woma n. Nora is seen as a little precious doll who is a valuable possession of her father and husband. She never feels like she has the courage to stand on her own and be a woman because all she knows is being under the control of someone else. The first aspect of Nora crossing into womanhood was symbolized by the Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-16180569594811067012019-12-28T06:24:00.001-08:002019-12-28T06:24:03.420-08:00Financial Management Statement - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1054 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Question: SAS No. 31, Evidential matter, identifies five management assertions that underlie a set of financial statements. Which of these assertions should have been of most concern to Price Waterhouse regarding the large period-ending adjustments AMRE recorded during the fourth quarter of fiscal 1989? AMREs fourth-quarter write-offs were large adjustments accepted by Price Waterhouse before issuing the unqualified opinion on the 1989 financial statements. These write-offs where fictitious assets that were written-off as losses or expenses in attempt to end the fraudulent activities that had been taking place. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Management Statement" essay for you Create order SAS No. 31 on evidential matter obtained from an auditor provides a greater assurance of reliability than from an internal source. The auditor is an independent and unbiased collector of the evidential matter versus an internal source that may not be. There are five management assertions that underlie a set of financial statements. The auditors must have evidence to support the information in the financial statements that supports the existence or occurrence, completeness, rights and obligations, valuation or allocation, and presentation and disclosure. The evidential matter is obtained through inspection, observation, inquires and confirmations. The measure of the validity of such evidence for audit is the auditors judgment. The relevance, objectivity, timeliness, and the existence of the evidential matter lead to the auditors conclusions. This evidential matter is the underlying data for the auditor to make their decisions. The first assertion about existence or occurrence relates to the verification of the assets and liabilities exist at a given date. They verify that the transactions have for the assets and liabilities have been recorded during the correct period. An example is the inventories included in the balance sheet need to be verified by observing the physical inventory counts. The records need to be reviewed for the inventory, production, and purchasing. This existence assertion should have been of most concern to the Price Waterhouse auditors. Since there was a large period-ending adjustment being done by AMRE, the auditors should have first done an existence assertion to verify assets exist. The assets being written off should have been physically verified which should have shown that they were fictitious. Given that the assets being written-off were fictitious and the auditors didnt verify the existence of these assets, the fraud was not discovered during the audit. Assertions about completeness relate to the verification of all the transactions and accounts are correctly represented in the financial statements. An example is that the inventory quantities need to include all products, materials and supplies. The quantities owned by the company that are in transit or stored at outside locations need to be included. This assertion applies for the auditors in the AMRE case but should not have been of most concern. The auditors could have verified all of the transactions and accounts are in the financial statements but the issue in the AMRE case was that there were fictitious assets written-off. Verifying the transactions and accounts being in the financial statements may not have uncovered this fraud. Assertions about rights and obligations relate to the verification that the assets are owned by the company or that have the rights to the asset. Similarly, it verifies that the liabilities are obligations of the company. Auditors need to examine the vendor invoices, consignment agreements, and contracts. This assertion should not the highest concern for the auditors but it does apply. The year-end write-offs should have been verified that the AMRE had rights to the asset by verifying the invoices. This may have uncovered that the assets were fictitious. Assertions about valuation or allocation relate to the verification that the assets, liability, equity, revenue, and expenses have been included in the financial statement with the correct amounts. An example is that the inventories must be stated at the lower of cost or market. Auditors also need to review the direct labor and standard overhead rates. They need to review the inventory turnover and look at industry trends. This assertion should not have been of the most concern to the auditors in this case but is an important one. If the auditors would have done a valuation assertions to verify that the assets were included in the financial statements were the correct amount, they should have under covered that they were incorrectly stated or fictitious. I believe that the existence assertion is of most concern but this assertion would be the next most important concern related to the yearend adjustments. Assertions about presentation and disclosure relate to the verification that the components of the financial statements are properly classified, described, and disclosed. Auditors need to compare the disclosures in the financial statements to the requirements of GAAP. This assertion was not an issue in the AMRE case. There was no mention of issues found with the financial statements being properly classified, described or disclosed. In the AMRE case, Price Waterhouse auditors didnt apply any of these auditing procedures to review the large losses from the elimination of the Decks divisions. Instead, they accepted the clients explanations for these write-offs. The staff auditor inquired why the large number of unset leads was being dropped. The response from the AMRE accountant was that the unset leads had been improperly recorded. Given this, the staff auditor didnt inquire any further and concluded that it was an isolated incident. A key factor that influenced the auditors was their former colleague being the CFO. The auditors should have followed the auditing procedures in understanding these large write-offs and should not have been changed their auditing methods because they knew the CFO. In conclusion, the existence or occurrence assertion should have been of most concern to the AMRE auditors Price Waterhouse regarding the large period-ending adjustments recorded during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1989. The evaluation or allocation assertion would be the next highest concern because it relates to the verification that the assets and expenses have been included in the financial statement with the correct amounts. But the existence assertion relates to the verification of the assets and liabilities exist at a given date. If the auditors would have followed this, they should have found that fictitious assets that were written-off did not exist. References Contemporary Auditing Real Issues Cases by Michael Knapp Auditing Management Assertions: The Impact of SAS No. 106 by Deborah Archambeault at https://www.tncpa.org/Journal/articles/Auditing_Management_Assertions.pdf Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-68389911797812713872019-12-20T02:13:00.001-08:002019-12-20T02:13:02.827-08:00The Use of Symbols in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks... The Use of Symbols in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers The poem ?The Negro Speaks of Rivers? by Langston Hughes contains many symbolic meanings about the identity of African Americans. Throughout the poem Hughes uses metaphorical statements to suggest to the reader what the soul of the African American has been through. The symbols of the old rivers from which the African American ideal has risen can be interpreted in many different ways. They represent the birth and growth of the African American culture, and some of the most significant moments of their past. The words written in this poem represent the pride and knowledge of a group of outstanding people. Throughout the poem Hughes uses the word ?I? (line 4).â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the fourth line of the poem Hughes speaks of the Euphrates River. This river symbolizes the birth of life and the beginning of civilization. This river represents the youth of the African American people. It speaks of their beginning. Then Hughes talks of the Congo River in Africa. This is an image of home for many African Americans. It represents a place of peace and tranquility in their lives. Hughes writes about the Nile River and the great pyramids in Egypt. The pyramids can be viewed as a symbol of slavery to many people due to the slave labor that it took to create these grand structures. Finally the great Mississippi River is written about. Many symbols arise from this river of the South. To many whites it represents prosperity, especially in the time of the Civil War when slave trade was one of the bases of economy. To many African Americans this river may represent the oppres sion of their people. The image of Abe Lincoln riding down the Mississippi can be seen as a symbol of hope and freedom to the slaves of the South. The very fact that he is on this particular river represents the times of change about to come. Throughout this poem Hughes has placed many symbols in the readers mind to bring the image of the African American people to thought. He reminds African American readers of their origin and what they have been through by using theShow MoreRelated Symbolic Imagery in Langston Hughes Poems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Mother To Son1651 Words à |à 7 PagesSymbolic Imagery in Langston Hughes Poems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Mother To Son Langston Hughes uses symbolism throughout his poetry. In the poems The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Mother To Son, Langston Hughes uses symbolism to convey his meaning of the poems to the readers. Readers may make many interpretations about the symbols used throughout these poems. Throughout the poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers Hughes uses metaphorical statements to suggest to the readerRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers By Langston Hughes1055 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe poem ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠by Langston Hughes. So first of all PERSON 2 who is Langston Hughes and when did he write ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠? Langston Hughes was a novelist, fiction, poet, playwright and fiction writer. He is known for his insightful, colorful portrayals of black life in America from the twenties through to the sixties and was important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes wrote the poem ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠while on a trainRead More Symbolism and Allusion in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers720 Words à |à 3 PagesSymbolism and Allusion in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers In Langston Hughes poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, he examines some of the roles that blacks have played throughout history. Ultimately, the poem asserts that in every one of these aspects the black people have been exploited and made to suffer, mostly at the hands of white people. The poem is written entirely in first person, so there is a very personal tone, even though the speaker symbolizes the entire black race.Read MoreLangston Hughes And How His Style Of Writing1564 Words à |à 7 Pagesperspective of Langston Hughes and how his style of writing is. It looks at how several interrelated themes run through the poetry of Langston Hughes, all of which have to do with being black in America and surviving in spite of immense difficulties. Langston Hughes is one of the most influential writers because his style of work not only captured the situation of African Americans; it also grabbed the attention of other races with the use of literary elements and other stylistic qualities. Langston HughesRead MoreSymbolism in The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes1074 Words à |à 5 PagesSymbolism in ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠by Langston Hughes Symbolism embodies Hughesââ¬â¢ literary poem through his use of the river as a timeless symbol. A river can be portrayed by many as an everlasting symbol of perpetual and continual change and of the constancy of time and of life itself. People have equated rivers to the aspects of life - time, love, death, and every other indescribable quality which evokes human life. This analogy is because a river exemplifies characteristics that can beRead MoreTheme Of Naturalism In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Awakening1358 Words à |à 6 PagesAwakening. Langston Hughes draws attention to African Americansââ¬â¢ struggles in a country divided by racism through his poems, ââ¬Å"Mother to Sonâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers.â⬠F. Scott Fitzgerald emphasizes the changes of America during the roaring twenties in The Great Gatsby to reveal the rise of a new social class, the ââ¬Å"new money.â⬠Throughout the movements of naturalism, the Harlem Renaissance, and modernism, a uthors such as Kate Chopin, Langston Hughes, and F. Scott Fitzgerald utilize symbols to evaluateRead MoreHarlem : A Middle Class White Community999 Words à |à 4 PagesHarlem was once a middle class white community, but by the year 1925, it was known as the Mecca of the new Negros. Back in the history of America, when many black Americans were literally deprived of their liberty of rights, a social and a political movement evolved, which was known as the Harlem Renaissance. It lasted into the early years of the great depression and not only was it a political and a social movement but also an artistic one to be precise. The movement outbreak motivated the trendRead More Sound and Sense in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1431 Words à |à 6 PagesSound and Sense in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers à The text of the poem can be found at the bottom of this page.à à à à à à à à à In Langston Hughes poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Hughes makes use of some interesting poetic techniques. This poem is written in free verse, and seems, at first glance, to be very unstructured. Hughes repeats words and lines, but does not make use of repeated sounds. Hughes rivers are very rich in symbolism, and are not just simple bodies of waterRead MoreLangston Hughes, An American Born Writer During The Harlem Renaissance Era930 Words à |à 4 PagesLangston Hughes was an American born writer during the Harlem Renaissance era. His work shed light on issues that white Americans turned their backs to. Racism and segregations was, at one time, a very large issue in our country. Hughes addressed that issue throughout poetry and in doing so, became the most popular writer of his time. He opened the eyes of many, while accurately portraying African American culture in such a way that ev eryone couldnââ¬â¢t respect. The passion that Hughes had for his topicsRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1736 Words à |à 7 PagesEndie E. Moss Professor Jolene Mendel LITR 221 Sum 17 Due: 20 Aug 2017 The Dream Called Langston As an artist, or literature, music or visual art, there is power in creating pieces that move the masses. For an African American artist in the 1920ââ¬â¢s, that power was fought for harder and dimmed due the racial inequalities across America. Being acknowledged as a credible artist was equated to being acknowledged as an American during a time where African American citizens were not considered an equal Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-80326959504961477252019-12-11T22:54:00.001-08:002019-12-11T22:54:05.433-08:00Analyzing Quotes From The Scarlett Letter English Literature Essay free essay sample 1. The laminitiss of a new settlement, whatever Utopia of human virtuousness and felicity they might originally project, hold constantly recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to assign a part of the virgin dirt as a graveyard, and another part as the site of a prison. ( 41 ) . Analysis This quotation mark is of import because it is a prefiguration of what is to go on in the hereafter chapters. No affair what sort of a perfect society people hope for when it is first built, they recognize that there will be negative things that happen within the society and so they dedicate portion of the land to the graveyard and another portion to the prison. One of the subjects in this novel is sin ; this quotation mark is a contemplation of how people view wickedness, and how it is inevitable and expected to a certain point. Sin is something that is committed by all world, but it is damaging to society and unluckily can non be avoided. The wickedness of human nature is what leads to the ruin of a society. Chapter 2: The Symbol of Shame Pages 43-51 But the point which drew all eyes, and, as it were, transfigured the wearer, -so that both work forces and adult females, who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne, were now impressed as if they beheld her for the first clip, -was that Scarlet Letter, so fabulously embroidered and lighted upon her bosom. ( 46 ) Analysis This quotation mark is of import because it reveals a small spot about Hester s character. Despite negative strong belief of the vermilion missive, she does non let that to stifle her assurance. The vermilion missive is described as fabulously embroidered in this quotation mark which shows that although the missive is supposed to typify shame in the community, Hester does nt needfully take it this manner. Much description is put into what the missive looks like instead than the existent job that is at manus ; Pearl. The people should be concentrating on what they should make with Pearl, but alternatively they are concentrating on mortifying Hester which is non of great importance in the expansive strategy of things. Chapter 3: The Realization Pages 52-59 When he found the eyes of Hester Prynne fastened on his ain, and saw that she appeared to acknowledge him, he easy and calmly raised his finger, made a gesture with it in the air, and laid it on his lips. ( 53 ) Analysis This is when Hester s hubby has seen her wickedness and is now get downing his retaliation. There is most likely a mixture of emotions billowing throughout this adult male s organic structure as he has discovered for the first clip that he has been betrayed by his married woman. Although Hester is supposed to be the 1 who is publically humiliated in forepart of the community, her hubby is most likely experiencing the same embarrassment. In a state of affairs in which a individual is humiliated to this extent it is natural to experience enraged to the point of taking retaliation. The degree of love he felt for Hester is fiddling in relation to the public humiliation she has caused him. Chapter 4: The Asking Pages. 60-65 After her return to the prison, Hester Prynne was found to be in a province of nervous exhilaration that demanded changeless wakefulness, lest she should commit force on herself, or make some half-frenzied mischievousness to the hapless baby. ( 60 ) . Analysis Peoples are afraid of how Hester will handle Pearl. No 1 is rather certain of Hester s makings to be a good female parent to her kid. This shows a small spot about her personality and how she is a small selfish in the sense that she is merely cognizant of her ain feelings and milieus. She shows small concern for her girl Pearl, and is wrapped up in this gluey state of affairs. Pearl is described as a hapless baby while Hester is described as a half-frenzied mischievousness . Hester can merely be viewed in this mode because she is wholly absorbed in her ain state of affairs. In the hereafter the Pearl may confront many more adversities than Hester is presently confronting if this keeps up. Chapter 5: The Dressmaker Pages. 66-73 But there is a human death, a feeling so resistless and inevitable that it has the force of day of reckoning, which about constantly compels human existences to linger around and hangout, ghost-like, the topographic point where some great and pronounced event has given the colour to their life-time ; and still the more overwhelmingly, the darker the touch that saddens it. ( 67 ) . Analysis Hester has the pick to go forth to any other topographic point if she chose to, but she does nt because she feels rooted to this topographic point where she has a deep connexion to. She voluntarily chooses to remain even though she is faced with public humiliation on a day-to-day footing. It is still ill-defined as to why she is taking to remain in this topographic point. It would be much more convenient to run off from this scandalous state of affairs, yet she decides against it and stays. I believe that Hester stays here because she is in love with the male parent of Pearl. It would be difficult to remain in a topographic point where you are looked down on that much if you were no ground for her to digest this. If she is to remain in her hometown much longer, she must be able to digest being looked down upon and degraded on a day-to-day footing. Chapter 6: Hester s Prize Possession Pages 74-82 Heart-smitten at this bewildering and baffling enchantment, that so frequently came between herself and her exclusive hoarded wealth, whom she had bought so beloved, and who was all her universe, Hester sometimes burst into passionate cryings. ( 76-77 ) Analysis Pearl has become one of Hester s greatest hoarded wealths. Although it did nt look that manner at first, it is apparent now that Pearl is the most valuable thing in Hester s life. Although Pearl is such a hoarded wealth to her female parent, she is besides a changeless reminder of the shame and torment she had to digest while life in the town. Hester is spliting into passionate cryings because she is overwhelmed with love for her ain girl. Pearl is now turning up and it will be clip for Hester to explicate everything to Pearl. Hester will ever experience lacerate between giving Pearl her full love and feeling like she has brought approximately much hurting and torment. Pearl will ever be a symbol of the irreversible pick that Hester made. Chapter 7: Pearl s Strength Pages 83-89 But Pearl, who was a audacious kid, after glowering, stomping her pes, and agitating her small manus with a assortment of baleful gestures, all of a sudden made a haste at the knot of her enemies, and set them all to flight. ( 85 ) . Analysis Hester and Pearl are being made merriment of anterior to this quotation mark. Hester and Pearl can non get away unfavorable judgment from the populace because of the fact that Pearl is an illicit kid. At this point, Pearl and Hester construe this state of affairs from different points of positions. While Hester is pained, grieved, and embarrassed at the state of affairs, Pearl takes a different attack to it. She is audacious and stands up to anyone who approaches her. It may be due to her naivete that she is incognizant of the state of affairs around her, but she is besides really strong. Pearl s strength complements her female parent s weak personality and nature. Chapter 8: Pearl Defends Her Mother Pages. 90-97 Or art thou one of those blue hob or faeries, whom we thought to hold left behind us, with other relics of Papistry, in gay old England? ( 91 ) . Analysis When Pearl is teased by the group of gentlemen that walk into the room, they call her hurtful names that should hold made any child call. Alternatively of endorsing down and shouting, Pearl replies short and even refuses to reply some of their inquiries. No 1 knows precisely what to do of Pearl because she is an illicit kid that is so strong headed and does non check under any sort of force per unit area. They think she may be diabolic, or that Hester is non a really good female parent to Pearl. This reflects how wearied society s positions are and how they merely want to divide Pearl from Hester. It is one thing to demo animus towards Hester, who should hold to bear the incrimination, because she is the 1 that caused the job, but it is an wholly different narrative to be badgering Pearl, who has no mistake. It is really fortunate that Pearl has such a strong caput and personality. Chapter 9: The Dark Man Pages 98-106 This intent one time effected, new involvements would instantly jump up, and likewise a new intent ; dark, it is true, if non guilty, but of force adequate to prosecute the full strength of his modules. ( 98 ) . Analysis Chillingworth is one of the darker characters in this narrative. He is consumed by his greed and selfishness which allow for him to be the manner he is. He cares about nil other than himself, and although he was one time married to Hester, he does non care about her sufficiency to portion half the incrimination for the birth of Pearl. The quotation mark says that the force was plenty to prosecute the full strength of his modules, intending that it was plenty to devour him wholly. That quote implies that Chillingworth would travel to great lengths to destruct Hester and acquire retaliation on her, and the male parent of Pearl. However, this is non because he is angry at the adult male for stealing Hester, it is instead because he is disquieted that this adult male is the cause of what could be the same humiliation that Hester is confronting. Chillingworth is a atrocious character because he keeps his eyes on his ends and does nt desire anything to interfere with what he has in head ; retaliation. Chapter 10: Trust No One Pages 107-115 Trusting no adult male as his friend, he could non acknowledge his enemy when the latter really appeared. He hence still maintain up a familiar intercourse with him, daily having the old doctor in his survey ; or sing the research lab, and, for diversion s interest, watching the procedures by which weeds were converted into drugs of authority. ( 108 ) . Analysis Chillingworth is pulling Dimmesdale deeper and deeper into his trap to acquire retaliation on Hester Prynne. Dimmesdale is unsuspecting of Chillingworth because of his emotional province. He is no longer swearing of any adult male, and if it were nt for his illness, he would hold been able to see the prevarication and intriguing that Chillingworth was up to. Dimmesdale is a really delicate province right now, as he is really disquieted about being discovered as the male parent of Pearl. This is a contemplation of what guilt can make to a individual. Dimmesdale may hold gotten away from public humiliation, but inside he is deceasing from the guilt that must populate with every twenty-four hours. Bing person that is a clergyman, he is regarded as person who should be reflecting a holy life style, yet that is non the instance. It is difficult to state which is worse, emotional anguish or public humiliation. Chapter 11: Intolerable Guilt Pages 116-121 It is impossible, the torment with which this populace fear tortured him! It was his echt urge to adore the truth, and to think all things shadow-like, and absolutely devoid of weight or value, that had non its Godhead kernel as the life within their life.A ( 119 ) . Analysis Dimmesdale is traveling through a conflict within his ain bosom. As his beliefs Teach, he should be honest, and unsloped, yet, he failed the populace. He is afraid to acknowledge his mistakes before the fold because he is afraid how people will see him. One of the most defective things about Dimmesdale s personality, is the fact that he is so afraid of what other people will believe of him. He is invariably populating in fright ; unable to confront his fold because of the guilt he is experiencing. He pours out his guilt through the discourses on wickedness, and his discourses are a contemplation of the status of his bosom. Dimmesdale will non be able to get the better of these feelings until he spits out the truth to everyone. Chapter 12: The Truth Revealed Pages 122-131 Pearl mumbled something into his ear, that sounded, so, like human linguistic communication, but was merely such gibberish as kids may be heard diverting themselves with, by the hr together. ( 129 ) . Analysis Pearl is acquiring retaliation on Dimmesdale for non having up to his incorrect actions. Even though he was enduring on the interior, it seems that Pearl truly wanted him to come out with the truth the manner her female parent had to on a day-to-day footing. She refuses to state Dimmesdale who Chillingworth truly is because she knows that it will torment him even more. This means of torture might do Dimmesdale travel brainsick with expectancy, and he will get down to slowly travel mental. Although Pearl is really immature, she is really perceptive to the universe around her. She is rapidly picking up on things that even most of the society has non yet picked up on. She is smart plenty to utilize this information to her advantage alternatively of uncovering it to the populace. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-79142550192094363272019-12-04T10:37:00.001-08:002019-12-04T10:37:03.121-08:00Performance Management systems free essay sample 1. What is the main goal of a Performance Management System? Performance management systems are designed to improve both individual and organisational performance by identifying what skills are needed to perform a role, providing regular feedback and assisting the employees in their career development. The overall aim is to equip staff with the competencies and commitment to deliver on shared organisational goals . 2. Why is it necessary to develop and implement a Performance Management System? A well developed performance management system assist to develop staff and can result in significantly improved output and performance, which ultimately leads to improved results for the organisation. Without a well developed and implemented performance management system, an organisation can risk poor staff performance and a high turnover of staff due to lack of support. 3. What are the three stages of Performance Management? â⬠¢ planning for performance ââ¬â setting performance goals, establishing performance standards and setting performance expectations, identifying developmental goals in work (action) plans â⬠¢ performance appraisal ââ¬â observing, documenting and assessing performance â⬠¢ performance improvement ââ¬â providing regular feedback, review performance appraisal, rewarding excellent performance 4. List the four groups who are involved in Performance Management? â⬠¢ your team â⬠¢ you, as a supervisor â⬠¢ human resource professional â⬠¢ union representatives. 5. Why is it necessary to ensure that performance management and review processes are consistent with business objectives and policies? Staff performance plans must be based on the overall aims and objectives of the organisation so as to ensure that each staff member is working cohesively towards the same goal. They must also adhere to organisational policies so as to ensure that they are fair and consistent across the organisation. This also assures that they comply with legislation (that is, presuming that the policies set out stipulate this). 6. Write a paragraph explaining why you think performance evaluations are necessary and the method/s that you consider best to be utilized. I think the importance of performance evaluations is twofold. In my experience, working in an extremely under-resourced organisation, it has been very difficult for me in the past to gain feedback from my supervisors about my performance. One to one time with a manager is rare. This has at times resulted in frustration because I have felt as though I have not been able to gain direction in my work. I fear that at times this may be the case for the staff that I supervise also. Therefore, I believe that on one level performance management systems are extremely important as a method of support for staff. On a more obvious note, performance management systems can also lead to improved output and performance of individuals, which ultimately leads to improved results for the organisation. In terms of what method I believe to be most effective, I believe that there are some core principles that must be followed. The plans should be developed with staff so as to ensure owndership, implementation must be consistent and timely (3 month reviews shouldnââ¬â¢t be undertaken at 7 months! ). 7. Why is it important that both managers and employees receive suitable training in how to handle performance review interviews? Without training about how to handle performance review interviews, there is a very big risk that the appraisal will not be effective and even more concerning is that it could prove counterproductive and damage the supervisor/employee relationship. Training equips managers and team leaders with skills to conduct positive appraisals. It assist employees to understand the new relationships and how performance issues are openly discussed and resolved. Training sessions also can assist employee to see how their work links to the goals of the organisation. 8. Explain why and how often you think performance appraisals should be held? I believe performance appraisals should be held after 3 months in a role and then every 6 months following this. I write this in the context of the organisation for which I work. One to one time with your manager is difficult in our organisation and I believe that in the past this has led to staff feeling very unsupported. There has been quite a high turnover of staff in some programs and I believe that this could be addressed by stronger support systems in place from management. While some may argue that appraisals at such regular intervals can be difficult for managers to implement due to time constraints, I believe firmly that this investment will be returned in increased staff output. 9. Why is it important to recognize the contribution of your work group members and why should you do this? Recognising the contribution of group members is an important method of motivating staff. It reinforces positive contributions and shows their importance to the organisation. If the contribution of staff members is not recognised, it risks losing the motivation of a team who may feel that their work is for no purpose and is not appreciated. We all need a thanks! 10. List three pieces of legislation that are related to performance management â⬠¢ Fair Work Act (2009) â⬠¢ Workplace Health and Safety Act (1995) â⬠¢ Awards/Enterprise Bargaining Agreements/Union Collective Agreements. 11. How would you devise a training plan incorporating both monitoring and coaching for individuals with poor performance? It is important to spend time to time to try and understand why a staff member may have poor performance. This is important in determining what action to take ââ¬â be that formal training or coaching. The following points ââ¬â from the course book ââ¬â I would certainly include in any coaching I was to undertake: â⬠¢Good coaches challenge employees and ask questions that help the employee to discover how to improve. â⬠¢Coach when you wish to focus attention on any specific aspect of the employeeââ¬â¢s performance. â⬠¢A coaching meeting should focus on just one or two aspects of performance. â⬠¢Any more than that and employees wonââ¬â¢t remember the main impact of your meeting. â⬠¢Keep coaching conversations brief and between 5 to 10 minutes long. â⬠¢Being an effective coach requires understanding what motivates the members of your team. Remember that people are motivated in different ways. Be sensitive to the things that drive your people to perform. â⬠¢When things are performing well, take the time to understand what is working and why. â⬠¢Good coaching is guiding, not telling or doing. â⬠¢Allow the employee to own the problem and its solutions. Ask them: ââ¬ËHow finally feels as though she is getting somewhere. In terms of monitoring, I would plan more regular catch ups with the staff member (perhaps monthly) to discuss progress. I would continue to implement reviews at the times stipulated by organisational policy. I would also ask for regular feedback from the staff member. 12. How can you provide support services if required? â⬠¢Provide details of union representatives â⬠¢HR representative details â⬠¢Training options â⬠¢Set up future one-to-one meetings â⬠¢Work manuals â⬠¢Ã¢â¬Å"buddyâ⬠system in which staff member is teed up with competent staff member 13. If the individual continues to perform below expectations what process would be necessary to implement? If the poor performance continues, it may be necessary to give a written warning to the staff member. This is discussed further in question 20. 14. Why is it necessary to document and record performance? Documenting and recording performance can lower the risk if a person chooses to challenge a negative appraisal. Holding records of poor performance may assist to cover an organisation legally if the employee raises an unfair dismissal claim Documenting good performance is also important so as to avoid claims of favouritism for example of undeserving staff members. Documenting performance also makes it much easier when the time for appraisals comes around, particularly for managers who are managing a large number of staff. 15. Explain the term ââ¬Å"interpersonal conflictâ⬠Interpersonal conflict is the most apparent form of conflict for workplace participants. It is a disagreement or differing views between two or more people over a particular idea, thought, or action.. Also language and personality styles often clash, which can create conflict in the workplace. ref http://www. mediate. com/articles/donaisB2. cfm 16. How does interpersonal conflict affect the workplace? Interpersonal conflict is is easy enough to observe in the form of office politics, gossip, and rumours. It can lead to a negative work environment, with groups forming within the workplace. Unless these conflicts are resolved, they can lead to a very challenging and unfriendly workplace. In more extreme cases, interpersonal conflict can lead to charges of harassment and discrimination or at least the feeling that such things exist. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-30006158032294485012019-11-28T01:59:00.001-08:002019-11-28T01:59:03.505-08:00Case Project Information Security Virus Attacks While computer viruses are not as formidable as they were in the past decade mostly as a result of strong antivirus software, they still pose significant threat to users. In the near past, there have been a number of viruses that have posed a significant threat to computer users all over the world. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Case Project Information Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sites such as the McAfee threat center which is dedicated to giving descriptions for the virus threats that may attack users provide an elaborate list of computer threats. Some of these threats include; the W32 virus and the Generic.dx!rwj Trojan. The W32/Trebot virus is an especially troublesome virus that consists of a server editing component. With this component, the virus visits pre determined internet addresses for commands which are executed on a victimââ¬â¢s machine. The damage that this vir us does on an individualââ¬â¢s computer includes slowing down the machine by downloading and executing other files which use up the systems memory resources. An even bigger risk that the virus poses is that it uses the host machine to perpetrate denial of service attacks over the internet. While Windows ME and Xp are especially vulnerable to this virus, this virus also affects the Mac Os. The Generic.dx!rwj is a Trojan that purports to be executing some beneficial task but is in fact a malicious program. The Generic.dx!rwj Trojan in particular compromises a userââ¬â¢s system and then seeks out messaging applications that may be installed. From these applications, the Trojan extracts contact information and sends them out to the Trojan creators. The particular damage that this Trojan presents is that it compromises the privacy of a computer user by stealing personal information. This information may then be sold to spammers or marketers who will use it for sending spam mail t o the user. This Trojan primarily affects the Windows platform as it compromises the registry keys by including itself as an authorized program. Cell Phone Attacks Over the years, the usage of cell phones has expanded to cover more than just voice communication. With this expansion in functionality, the vulnerability of cell phones has also increased leading to a need for protection from attacks. The most basic protection service offered to mobile phones is the PIN code that makes access to a device hard without authentication. Advertising Looking for assessment on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Japan where mobile phones are utilized in financial transactions, sophisticated security features such as facial recognition are used to safeguard a userââ¬â¢s account. To address the issue of virus infection which mostly occurs as a result of downloads and file transfer, there exist mobile antivirus software which protects the phone from virus attacks by preventing infections. The Symbian OS for example provides antivirus software that users with phones running on this platform can download and use to protect against viruses and malware. The currently implemented protections are not adequate as mobile software is not as mature as PC software. There is also a lack of consciousness by users as to the risks they are exposed to. User awareness of the dangers that most modern phones are exposed to should be increased. In my opinion, both the cell phone providers and the user should be responsible for blocking attacks. The provider should ensure that the phone is fitted with antivirus software and utilities such as password protection to prevent attacks. The user on the other hand should be responsible for regularly updating the phoneââ¬â¢s antivirus software as well as undertaking best practices such as selective synchronization of files to avoid transferring of infected files from a PC. Oper ating System Patches In the month of February, Microsoft issued patches that were meant to address security and non-security issues in the various Windows OS Platforms. This February patches were meant to address 26vulnerabilities that had been discovered in Windows. Some of the vulnerabilities that were addressed by the Patch included: risk of denial of service attacks, elevation of privileges by restricted account holders and remote code execution. The elevation of privileges threat could be carried out either locally or remotely by users with valid credentials. Some of the remote code execution issues could affect the PowerPoint application in the MS Office Suite.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Case Project Information Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The severity of the problems that the patch addressed varied. Some of the vulnerabilities that were marked as ââ¬Å"criticalâ⬠in severit y meaning that their presence presented a big risk to the operating system. These critical problems were the Remote Code Execution vulnerabilities. The Denial of service and Elevation of privileges vulnerabilities were marked as ââ¬Å"importantâ⬠in severity meaning that while they did not present as big a risk as the critical vulnerabilities, their presence was still undesirable. Once the patches were installed, there were no known problems that occurred either to the operating system or to the MS Office application for which the patch was applied. This assessment on Case Project Information Security was written and submitted by user Stephen Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-81040220604882919862019-11-24T09:33:00.001-08:002019-11-24T09:33:03.567-08:00Film Noir essaysFilm Noir essays In this movie there is a lot more to this case than meets the eye, and when Vivian Rutledge summons Philip to find out exactly what he has been contracted to do, we sort of get the hint of the multi-dimensional story that is to evolve here. It turns out that the Sternwood sisters have secrets they need to keep. Carmen is involved in certain activities that have exposed her to blackmail, and Vivian has a little habit that has also exposed her to danger, which Philip Marlowe has to sort out. Add into the equation specialist book dealers who know nothing about books. Things never get dull around the Sternwood sisters. The point of the movie I think is based more on the relationships between Marlowe and all the multiple people he interacted with. There are various beautiful women among the cast that were just drawn to Marlowe. Such as Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge who provides Marlowe's love-interest. The private eye is in a tough spot, falling for the beautiful dame with a secret she does not want to share. The relationship with Vivian is complex but candid. At times it is a little hard to see the affection between the two being real but it is the remarks between the two that makes it work. The scenes between them are great; there are a great number sexually electric, innuendo-filled exchanges in this film. The interconnection across the whole film is immaculate. Most of the women Marlowe comes across only play minor roles. There is Martha Vickers as Carmen Sternwood who seemed like she was always drugged or drunk when we saw her, she tries to jump into his lap while he's still standing. Carmen is beautiful but childish, every time she saw Marlowe she would flirt with him saying how cute he was. It seems like every female in the cast wants to get her hands on Marlowe, including a quick and easy Dorothy Malone, bored in her specs while clerking at a book store. She was so intrigued by Marlowe that its unexp ... Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-46288335704612039452019-11-21T07:05:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:05:07.280-08:00The ideas of John Keynes(1936) are extremely relevant to the current EssayThe ideas of John Keynes(1936) are extremely relevant to the current macroeconomic situation in the UK(situation of recent 5 years). Discuss - Essay Example Economics is the science of wealth creation and it involves formulation of theories that are debated and tested leading to some being accepted, rejected or modified. They all involve the question of what to produce using the scarce resources, how to ensure stable prices with full employment and how to ensure and provide a raising living standard for the people today and tomorrow.( Sloman 2010) John Keynes was (1883-1946) was a British economist whose ideas greatly impacted on the modern day macro economics with an effect on the British social liberalals. In 1936 he broke from the classical theory of economics with the publication of the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that advocated for an interventionist policies by the government. The main tool by which the government will intervene included the fiscal and monetary policy to mitigate against the adverse effects of capitalism that is recession, depression and business cycles. His theories are what are known as the Keynesian theory of economics. For the classical view held that in a recession that wages and salaries would decline to restore full employment, but Keynes held that the opposite was true. Falling prices and wages depresses peoples incomes thus preventing a revival of spending. Keynes insisted that a direct government spending was necessary to increase the spending. In his theory one persons sp ending goes towards another earnings thus when he/she is spending her money she/he is infect supporting anotherââ¬â¢s earning and the circle continues and this is what helps and support the normal function of an economy. When a depression hits, people hoard money and this action deprives the economy of money in circulation making it to be at a stand still. These ââ¬Ëcrunchââ¬â¢ can be best corrected by the government intervention so as Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-38582179150280333422019-11-20T08:18:00.001-08:002019-11-20T08:18:03.229-08:00The Third Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsThe Third Sector - Essay Example Environmental advocates, civil rights groups, and public awareness promoters all fall into the Third Sector. Some groups work on a very local level while others are national and international in scope, and everyone will, at some point, take advantage of the services they provide. While the number of organizations is large, and their missions widely different, they all share the common goal of serving the public by mobilizing donors and volunteers in a belief that individuals coming together for a shared purpose can make a difference in the world we live in. The Third Sector is grouped together according to the services they provide. The organizations within the group often serve similar if not identical functions such as within education. With education as a common denominator, the institutions will work together to promote the value of their services and work to provide greater availability and access. Groups will form coalitions to lobby for effective legislation that will allow them to function more effectively. Often times, groups such as the Red Cross and hospitals will share resources in an effort to deal with a natural disaster. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-85097241485258467382019-11-17T22:56:00.001-08:002019-11-17T22:56:03.463-08:00The film Jimi - All Is By My Side Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsThe film Jimi - All Is By My Side - Essay Example The biggest disappointment in the film was that when the audience expected some depiction of creativity and humor on Jimi, they were shown depression and a gloomy tale that indicated Jimi as a speechless mystic who had no spirit. Instead of the director showing Jimi in tour within Europe and performing music, the director only showed violence, overdoses, and mental breakdowns. This is quite an unprofessional film making and would probably make the audience wish the film was over. One would feel like they are watching an interpretation of the events. The article by Ian Inglis, ââ¬Å"Popular Music History on Screen: The Pop/Rock Biopicâ⬠According to Ianââ¬â¢s article, the film followed the expectation of the biopic. In the film, one can see how Hendrix grew to stardom as he passed through the hardships. However, biopic films are always very predictable and turn out to be boring. The film producers decided to choose the year before Hendrix was a superstar. A fascinating thing about the film is that it does not only indicate to the viewers the particular period in Hendrixââ¬â¢s life but also teases it out in a popular figure. Hendrix has been a hero of his own and Benjamin manages to convey a character that was quite difficult. It is the conflicting and philosophical elements of Hendrixââ¬â¢s characters that prove to be quite compelling. One can get the notion that if he had not been found playing guitar in New York, Hendrix would have been satisfied playing the guitar anywhere and buying some second-hand clothes. Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954373466226383151.post-39278247746601009362019-11-15T11:27:00.001-08:002019-11-15T11:27:15.056-08:00Total Consumption Burner And Premix Chamber Burner Comparison Biology EssayTotal Consumption Burner And Premix Chamber Burner Comparison Biology Essay Atomic emission is a process that occurs when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by excited atoms or ions. In atomic emission spectrometry the sample is subjected to temperatures high enough to cause not only dissociation into atoms, but also to cause significant amounts of collisional excitation and ionisation of the sample atoms to take place. Once the atoms and ions are in the excited states, they can decay to lower states through thermal or radiative (emission) energy transitions and electromagnetic radiation is emitted. An emission spectrum of an element contains several more lines than the corresponding absorption spectrum. FES (formerly called flame photometry) is in principle similar to emission spectroscopy, with flame as the source of excitation energy (flame atomiser). A flame provides a high-temperature source for desolvating and vaporizing a sample to obtain free atoms for spectroscopic analysis. In atomic absorption spectroscopy ground state atoms are desired. For atomic emission spectroscopy the flame must also excite the atoms to higher energy levels. The table lists temperatures that can be achieved in some commonly used flames. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization is the conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components or the process of obtaining atomic vapor. Liquid samples are first nebulized (convert a liquid into a mist or fine spray), the fine mist is transported into the atomization source (flame or plasma), where the solvent evaporates and the analyte is vaporized, then atomized. A flame atomiser is composed of a nebulisation system with a pneumatic aerosol production accessory, a gas-flow regulation and a burner. Flame are produced by means of a burner to which fuel and oxidant are supplied in the form of gases. There are two types of aspirator-burner used, total-consumption burner and premix chamber burner. Nebulisation is a process to convert (a liquid) to a fine spray Total Consumption Burner In total-consumption burner, the fuel and oxidant (support) gases are mixed and combust at the tip of the burner. The fuel (usually acetylene), oxidant (usually air) and sample all meet at the base of flame. The sample is drawn up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned. This is the usual process of nebulisation. The burner is called total consumption because the entire aspirated sample enters the flame or in other words the sample solution is directly aspirated into the flame. All desolvation, atomization, and excitation occurs in the flame. However, the total consumption burner can be used to aspirate viscous and high solids samples with more ease, such as undiluted serum and urine. Also, this burner can be used for most types of flames, both low- and high-burning velocity flames. Surface mixing Total Consumption Burner The Venturi Effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe Premix Chamber Burner The second type of burner, most commonly used now, is the premix chamber burner, sometimes called laminar-flow chamber. Premix burners were the first purpose-designed burners, and they can be traced back more than 100 years to the Bunsen and similar laboratory burners. A premix burner system really consists of two key components, the burner head or nozzle, and the gas-air mixing device that feeds it. The fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamber before they enter the burner head (through a slot) where they combust. The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effect using the support gas for the aspiration. Large droplets of the sample condense and drain out of the chamber. The remaining fine droplets mix with the gases and enter the flame. As much as 90% of the droplets condense out, leaving only 10% to enter the flame. The 90% of the sample that does not reach the flame will travels back through the mixing chamber and out as waste drain. The premix burners are generally limited to relatively low-burning velocity flames. The most outstanding disadvantage of the premix burner is that only low burning-velocity flames can be used. A burning velocity which is higher than the rate of flow gases leaving the burner will cause the flame to travel down into the burner resulting in an explosion commonly known as flashback. Because of this limitation it is somewhat difficult to use high burning-velocity gases, which includes oxygen-based flames. Most commercial instrument use premix burners with the option of using total-consumption burner. Premix burners are distinguished as Bunsen-, Meker-, or slot-burners according to whether they have one large hole, a number of small holes, or a slot as outlet for the gas mixture, respectively. When several parallel slots are present, they are identified as multislot burners (e.g., a three-slot burner). A popular version of premix burner is the Boling burner. This is a three slot burner head that results in a broader flame and less distortion of radiation passing through at the edges of the flame. This burner warps more easily than others, though, and care must be taken not to overheat it when using organic solvents. The difference between total-consumption burner and premix chamber burner a) Nebulisation process In total-consumption burner,the fuel (usually acetylene), oxidant (usually air) and sample all meet at the base of flame. The sample is drawn up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned. This is the usual process of nebulisation. While in premix burners, the fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamber before they enters the burner head (through a slot) where they combust. The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effect using the support gas for the aspiration. Large droplets of the sample condense and drain out of the chamber. b) Size of sample droplet that enters the flame (atomization efficiency) and absorption pathlength The total consumption burner obviously uses the entire aspirated sample, but it has a shorter path length and many larger droplets are not vaporized in the sample. The path length is extremely short, since combustion occurs only at a point above the capillary tube. Although in the total-consumption burners the entire sample is aspirated, the vaporization and atomization is poor. Although a large portion of the aspirated sample is lost in the premix burner, the atomization efficiency (efficiency of producing atomic vapour) of that portion of the sample that enters the flame is greater, because the droplets are finer. Also, the path length is longer. The sample which does reach the flame is efficiently atomized. So sensitivities are comparable with either burner in most cases. c) Interference to flame In total consumption burner, the larger droplets may vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the light path. This may result in light scattering, which is registered as an absorbance. The absorbance by the sample, that is, the atomic vapour population, is generally more dependent on the gas flow rates and the height of observation in the flame than with the premix burners. The viscosity of the sample will more greatly affect the atomization efficiency (production of atomic vapour) in the total consumption burner. The resulting drops are relatively large which will cause the flame temperature to fluctuate and will scatter the source radiation. This may cause false measurements to be detected. This interference will not happen in premix burner since fine droplets of sample is produced. d) Flame homogeneity Total consumption burner is used in flame photometry and is not useful for atomic absorption. The reason for this is that the resulting flame is turbulent and non-homogenous because it combines the function of nebulizer and burner. Here oxidant and fuel emerge from separate ports and are mixed above the burner orifices to produce a turbulent flame. Non-homogenous flame is a property that negates its usefulness in atomic absorption, since the flame must be homogeneous, for the same reason that different sample cuvettes in molecular spectrophotometry must be closely matched. One would not want the absorption properties to change from one moment to the next because of the lack of homogeneity in the flame. In premix burner, the fuel and oxidant are thoroughly mixed inside the burner housing before they leave the burner ports and enter the primary combustion or inner zone of the flame. This type of burner usually produces an approximately laminar (streamline) flame, and is commonly combined with a separate unit for nebulizing the sample. e) Noise Combustion with the premix burners is very quiet, while with the total-consumption burner it is noisy to the detector as well as to the ear, possibly on a level similar to that of a jet engine. Summary of the difference between the total-consumption burner and premix burner: No Characteristics Total Consumption Burner Premix Chamber Burner Nebulisation process The fuel and oxidant (support) gases are mixed and combust at the tip of the burner. The sample is drawn up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned. The fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamberbefore they enter the burner head (through a slot) where they combust. The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effectusing the support gas for the aspiration. Size of sample droplet that enters the flame (atomization efficiency) Larger droplets à ¯atomization efficiency Many larger droplets are not vaporized in the sample. The larger droplets may vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the light path (result in light scattering and registered as an absorbance). The viscosity of the sample will more greatly affect the atomization efficiency (production of atomic vapour) in the total consumption burner. Small droplets à atomization efficiency Although a large portion of the aspirated sample is lost in the premix burner, the atomization efficiencyof that portion of the sample that enters the flame is greater, because the droplets are finer. Absorption path length Shorter path length à ¯atomization efficiency Longer path length à atomization efficiency Interference to flame The resulting drops are relatively large which will vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the light path. This may result fluctuation of flame temperature and light scattering, which is registered as an absorbance may cause false measurements to be detected. None (fine drops) Flame homogeneity The resulting flame is turbulent and non-homogenous Usually produces an approximately laminar (streamline) flame Noise Combustion with the total-consumption burner is noisy Combustion with the premix burners is very quiet Kylie Elamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07373779860337976409noreply@blogger.com0