Development and Learning in the Classroom

In a quotation mark by Columbia professor and philosopher, Mortimer Adler, â€Å" The intent of acquisition is growing, and our heads, unlike our organic structures, can go on turning as we continue to populate. † The University of Kansas ‘ Circle of Inclusion Project defines developmentally appropriate patterns as ; â€Å" the construct of developmentally appropriate patterns refers to supplying an environment and offering content, stuffs, activities, and methodological analysiss that are coordinated with a kid ‘s degree of development and for which the person kid is ready. Three dimensions of rightness must be considered: age rightness, single rightness, and rightness for the cultural and societal context of the kid. † A instructor ‘s occupation is to do certain that what they are learning their pupils is appropriate to their pupil ‘s degree of development. There are three chief countries of development, which are cognitive development, social- emotional development, and psychomotor development. These types of development are a portion of every pupil ‘s life and it is of import that instructors take them into history when they are learning a category to guarantee that every kid gets the opportunity to larn the stuff required. Cognitive development, as noted in the Classroom Assessment text edition, focuses on a kid ‘s rational operations ( Popham, 2011, p. 35 ) . In cognitive development, there is a â€Å" construct of cognitive manner, which refers to a dimension of cognitive processing along which people differ from one another † ( Morra, et Al, 2008, p 45 ) . When a kid reaches adolescence, normally happening between the ages 12 and 20, many alterations take topographic point. â€Å" Intelligent alterations both quantitatively and qualitatively during adolescence † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 27 ) . â€Å" Adolescents get down to believe faster and more expeditiously than kids, even their mathematical operations are conducted more quickly † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 27 ) . Jann Gumbiner continues to explicate Jean Piaget ‘s theory of cognitive development and how an stripling enters a phase of formal operational thought, which is the concluding province of cognitive development tha t normally occurs around the ages of 11 and 15 ( 2003, p. 29 ) . â€Å" This phase represents a to the full mature, big manner of sing the universe. Adolescents in this phase execute logical operations and hypothetical-deductive logical thinking. They form hypotheses and so infer replies, whether it is about algebraic maps or real-world dating state of affairss † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 29 ) . â€Å" There are so qualitative alterations in the manner adolescence think about the universe around them that helps them to pass on better with grownups † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 29 ) . Once pupils reach this degree of growing, â€Å" they are eager to undertake relevant jobs, discuss and portion point of views about critical issues, and speak about ethical picks that impact their actions † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 26 ) . The rational development of striplings has specific larning demands. â€Å" Adolescents that have diverse cognition, involvements and abilities need the chance to develop a scope of accomplishments and prosecute a assortment of content countries † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 27 ) . If an stripling is capable of critical rating, drawn-out focal point, illative thought and logical thinking, they should be given the clip and chance to believe critically and be given a higher-level of analytical oppugning than they had before ( Crawford, 2008, p. 27 ) . Glenda Crawford explains that a instructor ‘s function in learning based on cognitive acquisition is to pattern, steer, and aid as pupils think about and utilize cognitive schemes, and through pattern and over clip addition a degree of proficiency ( 2008, p. 69 ) . â€Å" The typical characteristics of this type of learning include: Mold: when pupils observe and listen while the instructor demonstrates and explains a undertaking. Coaching: pupils perform the undertaking while the instructor supports and makes suggestions through constructive feedback. Sequencing: pupils engage in more ambitious and diverse undertakings as proficiency is gained. Externalizing: pupils explain aloud their cognition, thought, and logical thinking. Reflecting: pupils compare their thought and public presentation with that of experts. Exploring: pupils are helped to use, spread out, and polish their accomplishments independently † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 69 ) . Social-emotional development is what a individual learns from the environment around them. Thomas M. Brinthaupt and Richard P. Lipka explain that societal alterations begin in early to middle childhood by larning how to expect other ‘s reactions and internalise behavioural criterions. They begin to compare their public presentation to their ain work from the yesteryear and to those of other kids ( 2002, p. 4 ) . He continues stating that â€Å" it is non until late childhood and early adolescence that ego and individuality most to the full reflect the interpersonal sphere, including egos that differ depending on the societal context. This is a clip when kids begin to demo greater independency from their households and when equal dealingss addition in importance and strength, peculiarly with respect to appraisals of personal competency † ( Brinthaupt et al, 2002, p. 4 ) . An stripling ‘s social-emotional growing is crafted by their cultural communities, households, equals, and schools, which in bend are set to steer individuality geographic expedition toward their personal ends, values, beliefs, and patterns ( Azmitia et al, 2008, p. 3 ) . A pupil ‘s household plays a major function in the societal development of an adolescent adolescent. Brothers, sisters, and parents are really of import in the manner a adolescent may take to look at school. Younger siblings will look to older siblings as function theoretical accounts, such as â€Å" when an older sibling is a good pupil, the younger sibling may besides vie to go a good pupil besides † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 47 ) . When it comes to parents, striplings should be considered when doing determinations ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 48 ) . â€Å" A good parent to a adolescent is democratic and guides him or her into doing their ain intelligent, cautious determinations. Parents and striplings can discourse family regulations, appropriate haunts, and safety. They will sometimes differ, and this is normal † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 49 ) . Many times turning up adolescents will hold their ain sentiment on things such as drive, curfew, friends, fellows and girlfriends, and their parents may hold a different position. Parents should listen to their kids ‘s logical thinking and be prepared to negociate. Adolescents tend to acquire attitudes and become rebellious towards authorization, particularly when a parent is commanding ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 53 ) . The activity environing a adolescent is what helps them turn and do better determinations later in life. Learning from errors is a major portion of adolescence. â€Å" Harmonizing to Aristotle, immature people entered adolescence as unstable, and by the terminal of the period, they developed a sense of self-denial. The most of import feature of adolescence is the ability to take † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 18 ) . Adolescents face different anxiousnesss when come ining junior high and high school. â€Å" Adolescents feel dying about loss of control, gender, dependence-independence, the demand to be rational, credence by equals, competency, and organic structure image ; these are age-appropriate anxiousnesss that are related to the societal outlooks of that age group † ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 44 ) . Adolescent relationships with their equals can do the most anxiousness because they are seeking to interrupt from dependance to independence from their parents and their friends become the focal point of dignity ( Gumbiner, 2003, p. 45 ) . â€Å" The increasing impact of others ‘ perceptual experience of the ego is partially due to the psychological alterations that take topographic point in adolescence. They start believing about their hereafter and can organize hypotheses about what may or may non alter in their personalities, behaviour, instruction, household, and relationships with fr iends and intimate spouses † ( Brinthaupt et al, 2002, p. 33 ) . â€Å" Adolescents thrive in a acquisition environment where they are motivated personally, guided socially, challenged intellectively, and supported deliberately as they engage in relevant and meaningful acquisition experiences † ( Crawford, 2008, pp. 83-84 ) . Students learn from their milieus and when they are in a schoolroom, instructors need to take the schoolroom environment into history. Crawford besides believes that the usage of flexible grouping is indispensable to their societal dimension that enables pupils to interact with their equals on a assortment of prosecuting, suitably complex undertakings ( 2008, p. 84 ) . â€Å" Adolescents thrive in a nonthreatening puting where they feel emotionally safe to prove thoughts, to utilize their diverse endowments, and to negociate and reflect upon how others perceive them and who they are going as human existences. A safe schoolroom is free of intimidation, embarrassment, confusion, ridicule, defeat, ennui, and societal exc lusion † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 86 ) . â€Å" Social groupings balanced by such factors as gender, ability, leading, job resolution, originative or artistic endowment, cognitive abilities, backgrounds and linguistic communications, and energy degrees are known as folks that are helpful with schoolroom direction and direction † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 89 ) . Social groupings promote societal accomplishments, it builds community among the pupils, and it gives the pupils a sense of belonging ; and this sense of belonging and inclusion in the schoolroom maximizes larning ( Crawford, 2008, p. 89 ) . In the groupings, there needs to be a sense of single answerability. Adolescence may be really societal, but they may non hold the personal accomplishments that are needed for true coaction and instructors need to take that into history when making group undertakings ( Crawford, 2008, p. 93 ) . Having a rubric for group undertakings on each person ‘s public presentation would be a good manner to mensurate what the pupil à ¢â‚¬Ëœs input was on the undertaking and it guarantees that each pupil has done its portion. â€Å" Some elements of an stripling ‘s demands as scholars when a instructor is seeking to learn them are: Avowal: The demand to experience accepted, safe, cared about, listened to, and acknowledged. Contribution: The demand to do a difference, conveying alone positions, collaborate reciprocally on common ends, and aid others win. Purpose: The demand to understand the significance of larning and how it impacts and makes a difference personally and with the drawn-out community. Power: The demand to do picks, create quality work, and have reliable support. Challenge: The demand for work that complements and stretches strengths and, through personal attempt, leads to success and achievement † ( Crawford, 2008, p. 85 ) . Crawford continues to demo how these elements support a positive schoolroom that requires instructors to reflect upon and respond continually to the many ways pupils ‘ differ in preparedness, involvements, larning manners, background, civilization, and place life ( 2008, p. 85 ) . The concluding type of development is psychomotor development. Webster ‘s dictionary defines psychomotor development as a patterned advance acquisition of accomplishments affecting mental and motor activities ( psychomotor development ) . Popham describes measuring psychomotor by aiming a pupil ‘s large-muscle or small-muscle accomplishments ( 2011, p. 35 ) . Psychomotor accomplishments include any such activity affecting motion such as playing athleticss games in gym category, typing on a keyboard, larning how to drive a vehicle, or playing an instrument in set category. It has to make with coordination between your encephalon and the parts of your organic structure such as your custodies, weaponries, pess, and legs. Aims that are normally attempted are imitation, use, preciseness, articulation, and naturalisation ( Clark, 2004 ) . These aims contain certain cardinal words that instructors use when acquiring their pupils to utilize psychomotor accomplishments. â€Å" These cardinal words are: Imitation: Transcript, follow, replicate, repetition, adhere, observe, place, mimic, attempt, reenact, and copy Manipulation: Re-create, construct, execute, put to death, and implement Preciseness: Demonstrate, complete, show, perfect, calibrate, control, and pattern Articulation: Concept, solve, combine, co-ordinate, integrate, adapt, develop, explicate, modify, maestro, better, and learn Naturalization: Design, specify, manage, invent, and project-manage † ( Clark, 2004 ) . In the Classroom Assessment book, Popham explains how Benjamin Bloom and his co-workers were the first to present the differentiation between cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor educational results ( 2011, p. 35 ) . â€Å" In Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, it showed that a dominant sort of pupil behaviour was seen when instructors devise educational aims for their pupils † ( Popham, 2011, p. 35 ) . These three types of development that were the focal point of this paper are of import to instructors when they are learning. Every schoolroom will hold different types of scholars, because no pupil is merely likewise, and instructors must happen a manner to link and learn every kid what they need to cognize in order to win in high school. Adolescents are traveling through so many alterations and it is a instructor ‘s occupation to understand that these striplings need counsel. By cognizing what type of pupils are in a instructors schoolroom, instructor s can be prepared to measure them in ways they can make each pupil.

Research Paper the Maltese Falcon: Existentialism Essay

Dashiell Hammett, father of the American hard-boiled genre, is widely known for producing a suffocating world of realism in his works (â€Å"Hard-boiled fiction†). According to Paul Abraham’s â€Å"On re-reading The Maltese Falcon,† the realistic atmosphere of Hammett’s third novel is reactionary to the post-war turmoil in which the work was born (97). This provides the ideal foundation for subtle philosophical concepts of existentialism such as, quests for truth, self identification, and the significance of existence to build throughout the novel. Richard Layman, in his critical review of Hammett’s novel (also titled The Maltese Falcon), proposes that the philosophies of Hammett’s generation can be found within the text of his novel (71). Hammett conveys an existential theme in his work The Maltese Falcon through his use of themes of inquiry and self absorbed characters as well as his Flitcraft parable. Existentialism, in a simple form, is a philosophy concerning existence and its significance. Layman asserts that â€Å"[existentialism] had its roots in the mid-nineteenth century and flourished in the United States from the 1930s until the 1960s† (71). According to the web-article â€Å"World War I† from the New World Encyclopedia, subsequent to the Great War, â€Å"the optimism for world peace of the 1900s was entirely gone. † Therefore, without the blinders of social optimism, American society could question ideas such as, the occurrence of mass destruction in a â€Å"just† world and the significance of existence in such a world. Hammett’s firsthand experience with the existential crisis—caused by what the historical context from the website â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† presents as global wars, the Great Depression, and other struggles of the 1930s—leads Hammett to employ different techniques throughout his work, providing subtle allusions to existentialism. One method through which Hammett conveys existentialistic thought is through his themes of inquiry in The Maltese Falcon. The plot is centered on the continuous quest for an idolized icon—the Maltese falcon, a precious bejeweled bird. Hammett incorporates an ecclesiastical theme through this pursuit of an icon. The quest for their icon ultimately leads to the demise of the characters involved in its search. It steals the identity and climatically the life of the mob-boss Gutman. Brigid, the femme fatale, also loses in this pursuit, for she is left to the mercy of the law in the final pages. Whether death or imprisonment plagues the characters involved, the quest for an icon consumes their lives. Hammett illuminates the detrimental consequences of such quests through the aforementioned loss of identity, life, and freedom. This message is countered by the existentialistic denouncement of all icons. Existentialism provides a simple solution for such futile quests: lives are not wasted in the search of an icon. In pursuit of a precious icon, all characters lose themselves—a root of the existentialist crisis: loss of self, questioning of existence (â€Å"Existentialism†). Another theme of inquiry in Hammett’s novel deals with the constant search for the truth. Spade, the protagonist, is tormented by the ambiguity of truth throughout the novel. Spade is forced to discern lies from the truth within the first pages of the novel, where he meets Brigid, or rather â€Å"Miss Wonderly† as she is dubbed upon primary introduction. Brigid, notorious for her deceitful ways, confesses to Spade, once an invested relationship is established between the two: â€Å"I am a liar. I have always been a liar† (353). Layman observes that â€Å"the challenge for Spade in the book is to make up the rules as he goes along; to decide for himself, without outside guidance, what he believes and what he believes in† (71). These decisions shape Spade’s actions and help to define his character. Spade, concerning himself â€Å"with the quest for relevance and authenticity,† as David Pickus writes in his expose on existentialism, is not the only character involved in the search for truth (17). Brigid, Gutman, Cairo, and Wilmer are forced to come to terms with the quest for truth and authenticity when it is discovered their falcon is a mere fabrication of the true Maltese falcon. After shaving the black enamel from the base of the falcon Gutman exclaims â€Å"it’s a fake. † Gutman reacts with his â€Å"breath [hissing] between his teeth† and â€Å"his face [becoming] turgid with hot blood† (430). This is representative of the anger Gutman possesses upon the realization of this on-going search for authenticity. Another method in which Hammett unveils existentialistic undertones is through his self-absorbed characters. Layman writes about Spade: â€Å"He is defining who he is. That is the simplest statement of the philosophy of existentialism†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71). Spade relies solely on himself and often stretches the hands of the law. He undermines the police in order to prevent interference within his investigations, denouncing their authority. For example, when Dundy, a police officer tells Spade, â€Å"You’ve gotten away with this and you’ve gotten away with that, but you can’t keep it up forever. † Spade nonchalantly replies: â€Å"Stop me when you can† (341). The article from the Philosophy website, titled â€Å"Existentialism† states that â€Å"an existentialist believes that a person should be forced to choose and be responsible without the help of laws, ethnic rules, or traditions. † Spade epitomizes this idea with his actions throughout the novel. Brigid is another character who does not function within the realm of laws and rules; however, she is a less responsible character than Spade. Brigid’s efforts are invested into self-preservation. She continuously fights to stay one step ahead of everyone through creating a web of lies, which ultimately becomes a defining element of her character. Her deceitfulness and obsession with obtaining her desires without concern for consequence or reputation demonstrates her loss of self in pursuit of something worthless; she becomes nothing more than a wanton woman with no true identity. In addition to his characterization, Hammett also utilizes the Flitcraft parable as a means of conveying existentialistic thought. Martin Harris writes: â€Å"The Flitcraft parable has been examined closely by those who see the story providing an important key to Hammett’s feelings about the meaning (or lack thereof) of human existence† (241). The Flitcraft parable tells the story of a man who completely changed his life in consequence of one random event. Flitcraft, a satisfied family man, encountered a near death experience via a construction beam plummeting into his path. This event made him contemplate the randomness of life—there are no certainties. Spade tells Brigid: â€Å"[Flitcraft] felt like somebody had taken the lid off life and let him look at the works† (335). Flitcraft understood the uncertainty of life after this experience. With this epiphany Flitcraft began a new life; he took the randomness of life and incorporated it into his existence. Aware of mortality and the significance of one’s identity, Flitcraft exposed himself to an alternate life. While Flitcraft ultimately ended up settling back into his prior lifestyle, the afterglow of his near death experience permitted him to revel in existentialism, for according to the web-article â€Å"Existentialism† the search of self-being is a fundamental element of the existential philosophy. Whether it is through various themes, characters, or a well placed anecdote, the undertones of existentialism exist within the pages of Hammett’s novel. Hammett effectively incorporated themes from his era into his literature. In a time where the â€Å"spirit of optimism in society was destroyed,† Hammett acknowledged realism within the text of his art (â€Å"Existentialism†). While existentialism no longer has an intoxicating hold on modern society, it lives in the pages of influential authors. The Maltese Falcon’s subtle cues to such great philosophical ideas assist in the significance that Hammett’s works hold to this day. Works Cited Abrahams, Paul P. â€Å"On re-reading The Maltese Falcon. † Journal of American Culture 18. 1 (1995): 97-107. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 July 2010. Dooley, Dennis. Dashiell Hammett. New York: F. Ungar Pub. , 1984. Print. â€Å"Existentialism. † Philosophy. AllAboutPhilosophy. org, 2010. Web. 01 Aug. 2010. . Hammett, Dashiell. The Novels of Dashiell Hammett. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. Print. â€Å"Hard-boiled Fiction. † Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010. . Harris, Martin. â€Å"Hammett’s Flitcraft Parable, The Stepfather, and the Significance of Falling Beams. † Literature Film Quarterly 34. 3 (2006): 240-248. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 15 July 2010. Layman, Richard. The Maltese Falcon. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Print. â€Å"The Maltese Falcon. † The Big Read. National Endowment for the Arts, 2010. Web. 16 July 2010. . Metress, Christopher, ed. The Critical Response to Dashiell Hammett. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994. Print. Pickus, David. â€Å"Paperback Authenticity: Walter Kaufmann and Existentialism. † Philosophy and Literature 34. 1 (2010): 17-31. Philosopher’s Index. EBSCO. Web. 31 July 2010. â€Å"World War I. † New World Encyclopedia. 09 May 2008. Web. 06 Aug. 2010.

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Exploration of drug in a specific sport springing from Why should Allow Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport - Essay Example I plan to explore the need to use performance enhancing drugs in sports. Performance enhancing drugs have been used by athletes for a long time. Among these drugs are steroids whose use has attracted a lot of controversy and criticism (â€Å"Position Statement†). Steroids decrease the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while increasing the level of lower-density lipoprotein (LDL) (â€Å"Anabolic Steroid Abuse†). Excessive use of steroids causes physiological feminization of male athletes and physiological masculinization of female athletes (â€Å"Steroids Vs Human†). There is lack of sufficient research regarding what are the safe levels of consumption of performance enhancing drugs in sports. For this research, I shall choose a particular sports i.e. swimming and find out the benefits of using performance enhancing drugs for the swimmers. This research will also identify safe levels of consumption of performance enhancing drugs for swimmers. Another outcome of this research will be testing the reliability and validity of information in the literature regarding the medical disadvantages of drug use in

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The Future of Healthcare Information Systems - Coursework Example Some of the required skills include the web and computer technology. Additionally, they need the managerial and organizational leadership and competencies needed for the changes in the operational roles and methods. It had become important to comprehend the functional capabilities of technologies that are associated with e-health, health records, and also telecare (Bashshur, 2013). In standardization the automation process and services will not be feasible in the absence of data standards that enables communication through the internet oriented programs and languages. Some of the core limitation in setting up the standards concern the substandard definition of deliverables. The health sector will fail in determining the objective and the functionalities that are desired for the health application and their conflicts to define the minimum sets of data for clinical and operational management of e-health. The implementations and standard development is a slow process and tends to need a lot of regulatory actions (Bashshur,

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English literature - Essay Example Although Sci Fi may have a rendered a physical presence in our society, gothic fiction portrays social evils, educates us on our inner or hidden personalities, makes us realise about the dualities in our roles and educates us on our double standards. All that in a way that it entertains us as well (Ellis, 2001). One read on the book Dracula tell us about this character or breed of beings that live on human blood and are immortal. But the values behind this fiction are much more than that. Dracula represents the social evil in us of never ending greed, hunger and power. His immortality may be referred to as the dynamic economy society that may have transformed society us all into being slaves to the system (Watt, 2005). The same ideas that came from the book â€Å"1984†. The idea of â€Å"big brother watching. Dracula may be thirsty for blood only but it does portray how we all are made to sacrifice our lives for the good of someone else. Psychology, sociology and philosophy- all are integral pieces in gothic literature. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide in Stevenson’s book are the two characters that teach us about us. How we have an inner self for greater glory and how we can accidentally or intentionally with limited knowledge do evil with the intentions of good. How science may have created more monsters for us in our lives than do more good. How we perceive ourselves to be Gods and seek immortality through our work. Stevenson’s work is not just about monsters and dark forces, but it explains values of society. It explains how we as human have our limitations as humans and what we have done to exceed those (Hogle, 2002). Gothic literature makes us learn of our inner selves. It makes us realize the animal instincts that guide us when we need to eat, sleep and mate. Since the topics of discussion in gothic literature are many a times metaphysical and explore our subconscious, the characters depicted in gothic literature are supernatural

TWO businesses are organised. Essay Example for Free

TWO businesses are organised. Essay StructureOrganisational Charts The organisational chart is a diagram that would outlines the internal structure of the organisation you are showcasing and this is the most common visual way of showing how an organisation is structured and in this it would show the roles, responsibilities and the relationships between the people in the organisation and by using this chart you will be able to see the structure of the business as whole and you can see it from the departments in the chart. Tesco Organisation Charts Tesco’s Administration Department The administration department of Tesco would have to support the business by helping the functions of the business in human resources, finance; IT support and they would have to make sure the business runs smoothly. How this links with Tesco would be that if the HR department needs help with customers or employees, also they would help with the finance of the business which would include making sure they can get the supplies they need with the money they have. Overall the department is there to make sure the business runs good and if the departments in Tesco need any help the administration departments role is to provide support to these departments. Tesco’s IT Department The IT department would be in charge of all of the computer systems in the business or they will have to set up the systems in the businesses/repair anything in the business that would need repairing and they will have to maintain it to make sure that it runs properly because in most business technology in the 21st century is very important to businesses and if they want to be successful businesses. And the way Tesco would use this in many ways which could be barcode readers, automated checkout tills with a touch screen and they would have a computerised database to store the information for customers and Tesco also have an online website they must manage and allows for customers to shop online which is a very important feature for Tesco. Finance Department The finance department of Tesco would be the in charge of the money that goes in and out of the business and this would be done in many ways and what they would do is provide information about the progress of the business financially and this would be the weekly/monthly financial results, they are also in charge of the operating budgets in the business Marketing Department For Tesco what the marketing department of Tesco would do is make all the costs of the for the products they are selling, prepare the advertisement for their company, they would also have to make sure they see customer trends so that Tesco would be able to see what the customers of Tesco are purchasing the most in the store and maybe get more stock, change the price and the marketing department is also in charge of the promotions in the business which is why they would have to see what customers buy and by looking into the customers they would decide what products would

Ethics in the Consultancy Profession

Ethics in the Consultancy Profession Ethics in the profession of consultancy Introduction: There are many reasons why individuals and organisations take the help of a consultant. Organisations resort to this practice regularly since the complexities of doing business are rising with reference to competition, new markets, laws and regulations, technology etc. Sometimes companies have their own consultants or they seek the help of professionals competent in their chosen field. In short a consultant is a person who is qualified to advise anyone who approaches him. This indicates that there should be trust in the client towards his consultant and the consultant on his part should not do anything to misuse it. In other words the consultant is expected to behave ethically toward his client. Ethical behaviour means a code of conduct with the belief that what is done is right with reference to own values, religious beliefs, law and what is generally accepted by the society. Ethics in the profession of consultancy: One of the most respected authorities on ethical consultancy is Peter Block who is a consultant himself. He has authored a number of books including the widely acclaimed Flawless Consulting: A Guide to Getting Your Expertise Used. Mr. Block has given several guidelines that are expected to be a part of the code of conduct of a consultant. The most essential element according to Mr. Block is of the opinion that the consultant always tells the truth even if it is unpleasant to the client. The trouble with many consultants today is that they force the clients to think in their viewpoint by acting clever. It should be noted that the client may have his own viewpoints which may be relevant and the consultant is expected to review that before advising the client. Such behavior on the part of the client will make him skeptical of the consultant and the level of trust or faith in him will diminish. Clients see right through the fast language and persuasion techniques and, as a result, their level of skepticism rises. Instead, consultants should be who they are and tell the truth in a caring way, which will establish the balance that leads to a trusting, productive relationship with the client (Meet the MasterMinds: Flawless Consulting with Peter Block, Management Consulting News). http://www.managementconsultingnews.com/interviews/block_interview.php. The author is of the opinion that the role of consultancy has changed over the years. Consultancy organizations have grown in size and the role they play is more of a manager than an advisor. They end up taking the responsibility of performing the tasks they advise the clients in the first place. What will happen in this case is that the consultants become a part of the client organization. They loose the freedom that is essential for a consultant because of the policies and organizational politics that exist in the client organization. Mr. Block says that this situation came about not because it is a part of consultancy but because there is money in performing such tasks for the client. Another area of concern regarding ethics is the lack of accountability on the part of the consulting industry. He consultancy firms have their own models and methods which they force it on the clients. There is no negative impact in this industry even if the models do not work. The fact is that the clients themselves have come to accept such a behavior on the part of the consultants. Sometimes the consultant will agree to the clients point of view totally without voicing any disagreement just to keep the client happy. The consultant may give advice on matters that are beyond their area of expertise. Clients are usually willing to listen to the advice of their consultants totally. This might prompt the latter to overemphasize their point of view, thereby bringing loss to the client. The same situation may also result in a proper study of the issues on the part of the consultant. It could also happen that the client d id not disclose all necessary information so that the consultant will offer advice which is acceptable to the client. The consultant may disclose confident information of the client for personal gain. Sometimes the consultant may use the client as a testing ground for some new model or technology that the consultant may have developed or acquired. The consultant may also disclose confidential information given by the head of the client organization to other members of the management in the belief that it will help them to solve a problem. The above information was those given by experts and clients who felt that these are instances of unethical behavior by consultants. It can be seen that such behavior occurs also because of the attitude of the client towards the consultants. Some of the instances occurred because it was the client who made it possible. Example: The best example of unethical consulting behavior in the recent past involves Arthur Anderson Consultants and Enron Corporation. The collapse of the multinational giant resulted in huge losses for its average investors and the loss of millions of dollars of pension funds which were very valuable to its employees. Hundreds of people lost their jobs, creditors lost their money and many were affected in other ways. Arthur Anderson Consulting, which was well known throughout the world as practitioners of high ethics lost face and exists only to clear the various litigations against it. This particular situation is a result of greed, non-disclosure of facts by Anderson Consulting for fear of losing the client, in this case Enron Corporation and the consultant moving out of its real area of expertise which was that of accountants. The fact was that Anderson had two previous audit failures prior to Enron. The two companies involved were Waste Management and Sunbeam. The company had to spend $110 million to cover litigation costs. In the case of Enron, the company had appointed Andersons consultancy division for a very large fee. It was due to this that Andersons had to go along with the crooked accounting policies of Enron for fear of losing that account. There were also another factor involved. Enrons impressive growth during its earlier years made them arrogant. This led to a number of growth plans that were not feasible. Enrons growth plans including its asset light policy did not proceed as expected. The end result was that Enron had stakes in a number of loss making concerns. If the figures were to be disclosed in the company accounts, Enron would have to report a loss and the value of its shares would fall. The company falsified the losses of these companies by saying that they were hedged by another company. The truth was that it was Enron itself that held majority stake in the hedging company. This move resulted in the company s howing excess earning of one billion dollars during the period of 2000 to 2001. The company had also misappropriated funds by formation of certain companies like Chewco, LJM1 and LJM2. The formation of such companies resulted in huge illegal financial gains for its former CEO and certain employees of the company. According to the report by the Special Investigation Committee of the company formed immediately after the company filed for bankruptcy, former SEO Andrew Fastow received 30 million dollars from this deal. The company also found other methods to falsify its accounts. For this purpose, Enron created a separate entity called Special Purpose Vehicle or Special Purpose Entity (SPE). Such entities are usually formed for performing certain accounting tasks subject to regulations. Enron could treat the SPE as it were a totally independent company. Two conditions in forming the SPE were met by Enron. They are that an independent investor should invest at least 3% in the assets of t he company and that the independent investor should have control over the company. Another investment in a company called JEDI (Joint Energy Development Investment Partnership). To avoid showing the losses of this company in the company accounts, the then Enron CEO Fastow authorized Chewco to invest in a 3% stake in the SPE. The company, when reviewing the situation along with Anderson later in 2001 found that the investment in the SPE did not satisfy the rules. They decided to change the already published figures by incorporating JEDI in Enron accounts which resulted in a massive reduction income and a huge increase in debt. The question is what role did Anderson have in the whole affair. Reports from the Special Investigation Committee indicate that all the accounting tricks were done on the advice of Anderson. In virtually all of the transactions, Enrons accounting treatment was determined with extensive participation and structuring advice from Anderson, which Management reported to the Board. Enrons records show that Anderson billed Enron $5.7 million for advice in connection with LJM and Chewco transactions alone, above and beyond its regular audit fees. (Summary of Findings, William J Powers, Page 5, February 1 2002, Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp). http://files.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/enron/sicreport/cover.pdf It can be seen that Anderson had played a part in advising and helping to falsify accounting practices of Enron Corporation. Both its auditing and consultancy divisions were at fault and had behaved in a very unethical manner.

One Day By David Nicholls Literature Essay

One Day By David Nicholls Literature Essay Born in 1966 in Eastleigh, Hampshire. David attended Toynbee Comprehensive school, and attended Barton Peveril Sixth Form College, before going to the University of Bristol in 1985 to study English Literature and Drama. Having graduated, and keen to pursue a career as an actor, he won a scholarship to study at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York, before returning to London in 1991. There he worked in a number of bars and restaurants before finally earning an Equity card. He worked sporadically as an actor for the next eight years, appearing in plays at Battersea Arts Centre, the Finborough, West Yorkshire Playhouse and Birmingham Rep. In between jobs he worked as a bookseller at Waterstones, Notting Hill. A three year stint at the Royal National Theatre followed, understudying and playing small parts in, amongst others, Arcadia, Machinal, Inadmissable Evidence and The Seagull. During this period, he began to read plays and film scripts as a freelance reader, before taking a job at BBC Radio Drama as a script reader/researcher. This led to script-editing jobs at London Weekend Television and Tiger Aspect Productions. During this period, he began to write, developing an adaptation of Sam Shepards stage-play Simpatico with the director Matthew Warchus, an old friend from University. He also wrote his first original script, a situation comedy about frustrated waiters, Waiting, which was later optioned by the BBC. Simpatico was turned into a feature film in 1999, starring Sharon Stone, Catherine Keener, Jeff Bridges, Nick Nolte and Albert Finney. This allowed David to start writing full-time, and his first TV production followed soon afterwards; I Saw You, a one-off romantic-comedy starring Paul Rhys and Fay Ripley, which won best single play at the annual BANFF television festival. Four episodes of Cold Feet followed, and since then David has written for film and TV as well as fiction. He has been twice nominated for BAFTA awards and his first novel, Starter for 10 was featured on the first Richard and Judy Book Club. Davids TV credits include an updated version of Much Ado About Nothing, with Damian Lewis and Sarah Parrish (BAFTA nominated Best Single Play) and the one-off play After Sun, starring Peter Capaldi and Sarah Parrish. An acclaimed adaptation of Tess of the DUrbervilles followed, starring Gemma Arterton, Eddie Redmayne, Hans Matheson and Jodie Whittaker. In fiction, he has written three novels, Starter for Ten, The Understudy and One Day. In film, Simpatico was followed by the movie version of Starter for Ten, directed by Tom Vaughan, with James MacAvoy and Rebecca Hall, and an adaptation of Blake Morrisons memoir And When Did You Last See Your Father? directed by Anand Tucker, and starring Colin Firth, Jim Broadbent and Julie Stevenson. The feature film version of One Day, directed by Lone Scherfig, began production in July 2010, with Anne Hathaway, Jim Sturgess, Romola Garai, Rafe Spall, Jodie Whittaker, Ken Stott and Patricia Clarkson. At present, David is writing his fourth novel, as well as working on a feature-film version of Dickens Great Expectations. David lives in North London with his partner Hannah and two children. Review: Two students at the University of Edinburgh -Emma Morley and Dexter Mayhew- meet for the first time on the night of their graduation, on 15 July 1988. They had one really nice night together but neither of them expects anything more permanent than that, so they became friends and went on with their lives. One Day revisits Emma and Dexter on this day, St Swithins Day, over the next 20 years. They meet again and again at the same time and on the same day each year while the friendship goes stronger and they never lose track of each other. But there is one thing they can ´t realize: that the love of their lives is right in front of them and they keep on trying to find another person. Dexter dates several girls and even got married with one of them, which who he became a father and an husband. On the other hand, Emma tries to have a serious relationship with her boyfriends but that is never possible because there is always something that goes wrong. After all these complicated relationships of both, Dexter marriage goes wrong and the only person that is always there to help him in every moment is Emma. They meet again because Dexter is feeling terrible and they decide that they should finally be together. They start dating and they Emma move in with Dexter. The both of them are finally happy and together, living their lives and at the same time, Dexter raises, with Emma ´s help, his beautiful daughter. The only thing that they want to change in their lives is their home. They already found a nice job and Dexter opened a coffee shop, his first serious job. Emma helped Dexter move on with his life, and they are very well with each other. But something happened: Emma had an accident and died and Dexter ´s life gets ruined. Dexter couldn ´t handle that situation so he started to drink again and not taking good care of him. It was an awful period of Dexter ´s life but he knew he had a daughter and that he had to take care of her so he tries to rebuild his own life. He moves on and starts to date one of his employees, trying to be happy again. Characters: Emma Morley- Emma, the idealistic, played bass in an all-girl band . . . variously called Throat, Slaughterhouse Six and Bad Biscuit. Joined a strident arts collective called Sledgehammer Theatre Cooperative (intent on doing really good, exciting original political devised work). Took a job at a Mexican restaurant called Loco Caliente. On the other side, she is an principled socialist and she writes poetry, is an aspiring writer. She was a teacher and did some plays with her students because of her taste for reading. Dexter Mayhew- Dexter Mayhew is the typical cute boy that loves to party every single day. Loves alcohol, cigarettes and travelling. He worked as a TV presenter on tawdry late-night television shows like Largin It, a loud lad-fest with rock bands and movie star guests, and cage dancers as backup. Completely in love with Emma, but keeps on chasing other women. Suffers a lot with the pain of lost. He is very confident, very handsome and has a large parental home in the Cotswolds. Quotes: You can live your whole life not realising that what youre looking for is right in front of you. Just kidding was exactly what people wrote when they meant every word. when will you stop trying to educate me, I wonder? Never I hope. Loco Caliente means Crazy Hot; Hot because the air-conditioning doesn ´t work, crazy because that ´s what you ´d have to be to eat here. You ´re gorgeous, you old hag, and if I could give you just one gift ever for the rest of your life it would be this. Confidence. Either that or a scented candle. If you have to keep something secret it ´s because you shouldn ´t be doing it in the first place! Life is failing to imitate art. The true writer, the born writer, will scribble words on scraps of litter, the back of a bus ticket, on the wall of a cell. Friends are like clothes: fine while they lasted but eventually they wore thin or you grew out of them. -The future. My career. It ´s not what I expected. -It never is, is it? The future? That is what makes it so fucking EXCITING! Catarina Rodrigues Fernandes 12 °F

Effect Of The Environment On Western Settlers Essay -- essays research

Effect of the Environment on Western Settlers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the country grew and expanded, the American people where always one to push their bounds. In 1763, we proudly, defied England's proclamation of the year, and settled west of the Appalachian mountains. A little later, the westward people pushed Indians, animals, and society to a place where no American person had gone before. But all the while, one important factor determined where they transported themselves, where they settled, and what they did when they got there. This factor, the environment, profoundly affected the settlers way of life, and other factors, such as the Indians and the railroad, only aggravated a pre-existing condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The settlers of the late 1800's had only one way to get to the west- along the pre-existing routes established by the courier-de-bois, Spanish settlers, and the Indians of the past. These routes, which flowed through the only passable areas of the Rockies, naturally led to Oregon and California, which caused an increase in the population of these regions at the time. These trails, such as the Oregon Trail to the north, the Mormon and Spanish Trail to the south, and the California and Overland trails in between were very rough and bumpy, making the trek no easy task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the home front, the environment played an important role on the family life as well.. Women had a more prominent role in society as w...

The Belbin Exercise :: Business and Management Studies

The Belbin Exercise Introduction During term 1 of our module I took part in 2 exercises and a Belbin test. During the 2 exercises and test I learned many skills and new ideas that will aid me in the future. Report The first element of group work that we did was the Belbin exercise. This was to ascertain you’re most effective ‘group role’. From the results we were arranged into groups which contained a mixture of roles. My role was company worker. I neither agreed nor disagreed with the result as part of me could see the logic behind the result and part of me saw myself with a position of higher authority. I don’t think the way the groups were formed made any difference in the first exercise. Maybe under different circumstances our different roles could have become more apparent. From taking part in the two exercises I have learned that planning is vital to any type of work, especially group work. I think the reason behind this is because without planning nothing is done efficiently. I have also learned that communication is very important; our second exercise was totally dependant on verbal communication. Although we had a slow start we eventually started to communicate effectively and solved the problem very fast. In the first exercise we were in smaller groups, my group contained seven people, including myself. During this exercise all group members contributed evenly. In the second exercise we worked in a much larger group, I noticed that some people didn’t contribute at all and the bulk of the discussion was coming from the same people. Although this happened the exercise was done swiftly and effectively. Good communication skills were demonstrated during the second exercise. Group members put their point across in an orderly way and the other group members listened well and contributed. During this exercise we didn’t necessarily have a strategy but we did operate a good effective system. We had one person that people fed information to, and that person then made notes of the information onto the whiteboard. Once all the information was gathered we were then able to come to a conclusion. My group also showed good communication skills in the first exercise. We had to come up with a group opinion of which person deserved the use of the available kidney machine. The way we came to our decision was to firstly decide a priority order individually, then by using a

Analyzing Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Analyzing â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† James Baldwin is a highly renowned African-American essay writer who is best known for his ability to interweave narrative and argument into concise well-written essays. He had his first book published at the early age of 19 and has published some astounding literature during the time of civil rights activism. He succeeded himself to rise out of his poverty to become an amazing writer through self-determination and courage. In his essay entitled, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†, Baldwin does an excellent job making use of binaries and repetition of words and phrases as well as switching back and forth from narrative to analysis. He also cleverly connects his progressively raising maturity and understanding of the world to the unique style in which Baldwin writes throughout his work. We will now dissect this essay and see how Baldwin uses special writing techniques to make for a very powerful and meaningful composition. The essay starts strongly with Baldwin providing insightful narrative in order to set the stage of his writing. By the second page of his essay, Baldwin has already developed his first binary. He emphasizes the black/white relationship. He continually refers to the â€Å"blackness† of his father and how his father was a proud, beautiful and powerful black man in his day (Baldwin 64). He then tells of his discovery of how â€Å"white people† helped to kill his father (65). Soon after, Baldwin addresses another binary, this one being life and death. His mother realizes that it was James’ father who â€Å"kept the family alive† (66). All the while, Baldwin’s father is slowly dying. Another example of the life/death binary occurs when Baldwin acknowledges that his â€Å"father had spent too much of his ener... ...ather really is as a person and is ready to express his inner feelings to his father. At the end of the essay, a strong message is conveyed. Baldwin learns that love, which is synonymous to his constant use of the word hatred, must prevail and that with love, acceptance and equal power can finally be attained (84). He also says that bitterness is pointless and that life and death are far more important and significant than the black/white power struggle. The end of the essay closes gracefully because Baldwin has now revealed the use of his writing techniques of â€Å"Notes of the Native Son† and he has also fully matured and is now able to see his father in a positive light for the very first time in his life. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Individual Assignment Two Essay

The popularity of Southwestern University’s football program under its new coach, Bo Pitterno, surged in each of the 5 years since his arrival at the Stephenville, Texas, college. With a football stadium close to maxing out at 54,000 seats and a vocal coach pushing for a new stadium, SWU president Joel Wisner faced some difficult decisions. After a phenomenal upset victory over its archrival, the University of Texas, at the homecoming game in the fall, Dr. Wisner was not as happy as one would think. Instead of ecstatic alumni, students, and faculty, all Wisner heard were complaints. â€Å"The lines at the concession stands were too long†; â€Å"Parking was harder to find and farther away than in the old days† (that is, before the team won regularly); â€Å"Seats weren’t comfortable†; â€Å"Traffic was backed up halfway to Dallas†; and on and on. â€Å"A college president just can’t win†, muttered Wisner to himself. At his staff meeting the following Monday, Wisner turned to his VP of administration, Leslie Gardner. â€Å"I wish you would take care of these football complaints, Leslie†, he said. â€Å"See what the real problems are and let me know how you’ve resolved them†. Gardner wasn’t surprised at the request. â€Å"I’ve already got a handle on it, Joel†, she replied. â€Å"We’ve been randomly surveying 50 fans per game for the past year to see what’s on their minds. It’s all part of my campus-wide TQM effort. Let me tally things up and I’ll get back to you in a week†. When she returned to her office, Gardner pulled out the file her assistant had compiled (see the following table). â€Å"There’s a lot of information here†, she thought. Questions: 1. Using at least two different quality tools, analyze the data and present your conclusions. 2.  How could the survey have been more useful? 3.  What is the next step? Fan Satisfaction Survey Results (N = 250) Rochester Manufacturing Corporation (RMC) is considering moving some of its production from traditionally numerically control machines to a flexible machining system (FMS). Its numerical control machines have been operating in a high variety, low volume intermittent manner. Machine utilization, as near as it can be determine, is about 10%. The machine tool sales persons and a consulting firm want to put the machines together in a FMS. They believe that a $3,000,000.00 expenditure on machinery and the transfer machines will handle about 30% of RMC’s work. There will, of course, be a transition and start up cost in addition to this. The firm has not yet entered all its parts into a comprehensive group technology system, but believes that the 30% is a good estimate of products suitable for the FMS. This 30% should fit very nicely a â€Å"family†. A reduction, because of higher utilization, should take place in the number of pieces of machinery. The firm should be able to go from 15 to about 4 machines, and personnel should go from 15 to perhaps as low as 3. Similarly, floor space reduction will go from 20,000 square feet to about 6,000. Throughput of order should also improve with this family of parts being processed in 1 to 2 days rather than 7 to 10 days. Inventory reduction is estimated to yield a one-time $750,000 savings and annual labor savings should be in the neighborhood of $300,000.00. Although the projections all look very positive, an analysis of the project’s return on investment showed it to be between 10% and 15% per year. The company has traditionally had an expectation that projects should yield well over 15% and have payback periods of substantially less than 5 years. Questions: 1.  As the production manager for RMC, what would u recommend? And why? 2.  Prepare a case by a conservative plant manager for maintaining the status quo until the returns are more obvious 3.  Prepare the case for an optimistic sales manager that you should move ahead with the FMS now. ACM is an electronics component manufacturer that has been located in Singapore since 1991, supplying original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) with quality components. In the past several years, ACM has experienced increasing pressure from other manufacturers located in other countries. In Singapore, while labor remains quite inexpensive, there has been a relatively steady increase in labor costs. In addition, utility costs – most notably water and energy costs – have led the firm to contemplate moving operations elsewhere in Asia in an attempt to make the firm more competitive. ACM remains profitable, but margins have shrunk, and management is interested in ensuring that the firm remains competitive in the medium term to long term against other component manufacturers. A team of senior management has formed a committee to reach a decision regarding possible relocation. The committee has identified two additional locations as possible candidates for relocation: Hong Kong (People’s Republic of China [PRC]) and Kuching (Malaysia). Hong Kong’s main attractions stem from the fact that since 1997, when its sovereignty was transferred back to the PRC, labor costs have decreased as access to labor has increased. Hong Kong enjoys a large seaport and very good transportation infrastructure, and this is important in moving in raw materials and moving out finished components  to customers. Senior management believes that an increasing number of OEMs will move to the PRC in the next several years, as has been the case in the past decade. This will only increase the attractiveness of locating the manufacturing facility in Hong Kong. Kuching is located in the Malaysian province of Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. It is the fourth-largest city in Malaysia and home to a population of around 650,000. Several points make Kuching attractive to the relocation committee. First, locating here would give access to natural resources and other production inputs. Second, the transportation infrastructure is good, and the city hosts a deep sea port for moving raw materials in and finished good out. That said, the port is not as large or accessible as those of Hong Kong or Singapore, and several committee members have expressed concern about the frequency of ship visits to Kuching. If the port does not receive regular service from container ships, transportation costs to ship components to OEMs will doubtlessly stable and inexpensive in Malaysia. The committee has contracted the government of Singapore to elicit possible incentives to not relocate to another country. Singapore is offering a five-year exemption on taxes for ACM if the plant remains in Singapore. The government will also assist by partially subsidizing labor, water, and energy costs for five years. Committee members realize that the Singapore plant, which has been operating for years, has already been amortized, and opening a new plant would require additional capital costs. That said, opening a new factory would also provide an opportunity to upgrade production equipment to more productive and energy-efficient alternatives. Questions: 1.  What advantages and disadvantages does each potential location offer? 2.  What other relevant factors that are not mentioned in this case study might play a role in this decision? 3.  Why is transportation infrastructure so important in this decision? 4.  This is a long-term, strategic decision; what factors might change in the next 10 to 20 years? How will this influence the decision? 5.  Which alternative would you recommend, under which circumstances?† Henry Coupe, the manager of a metropolitan branch office of the state department of motor vehicles, attempted to perform an analysis of the driver’s license renewal operations. Several steps were to be performed in the process. After examining the license renewal process, he identified the steps and associated times required to perform each step as shown in the following table. State Automobile License Renewals Process Times Step 1. Review renewal application for correctness 2. Process and record payment 3. Check file for violations and restrictions 4. Conduct eye test 5. Photograph applicant 6. Issue temporary license Average Time to Perform (seconds) 15 30 60 40 20 30 Coupe found that each step was assigned to a different person. Each application was a separate process in the sequence shown below. Coupe determined that his office should be prepared to accommodate the maximum demand of processing 120 renewal applicants per hour. He observed that the work was unevenly divided among the clerks, and the clerk who was responsible for checking violations tended to shortcut her task to keep up with the other clerks. Long lines built up during the maximum demand periods. Coupe also found that the Steps 1 to 4 were handled by general clerks who were each paid $12 per hour. Step 5 was performed by a photographer paid $16 per hour. (Branch offices were charged $10 per hour for each camera to perform photography.) Step 6, issuing temporary licenses, was required by state policy to be handled by uniformed motor vehicle officers. Officers were paid $18 per hour, but could be assigned to any job except photography. A review of the jobs indicated that Step 1, reviewing the application for correctness, had to be performed before any other step could be taken. Similarly, Step 6, issuing temporary licenses, could not be performed until all the other steps were completed. Henry Coupe was under severe pressure to increase productivity and reduce costs, but he was also told by the regional director of the Department of Motor Vehicles that he had better accommodate the demand for renewals. Otherwise â€Å"heads would roll.† Questions: 1.  What is the maximum number of applications per hour that can be handled by the present configuration of the process? 2.  How many applications can be processed per hour if a second clerk is added to check for violations? 3.  If the second clerk could be added anywhere (and not necessarily to check for violations, as in (2)), what is the maximum number of application the process can handle? What is the new configuration? 4.  How would you suggest modifying the process in order to accommodate 120 applications per hour? What is the cost per application of this new configuration?

Planet of Slums Essay

As the sprawling sky rocketed buildings, and electrifying industries began to show the dreams of unlimited potentials, our eyes are yet to catch nasty travails of the urban life in all its vicissitude. 2005 was a witness to the ever increase in population in cities- expecting to reach 10 billion mark in 2050, but majority of them confined in the areas characterized by crumbling houses, dirty water, unhygienic environment, and very minimum sources and nothing in the name of social services, and ever increasing unemployment rate. These are slum areas of the urban cities where maximum of migrants from villages and small towns find their place. â€Å"Planet of Slums† by Mike Davis is an exploration of these dark corners of the most virtualized urban cities and, also reflects his deep commitment for raising our consciousness towards the real causes behind the unprecedented growth of these slum areas. He analyzed the grim view of this global phenomenon over the past half-century and what this billion strong slum population had in store for political future. From as far as places like Brazil to New Guinea, and from Senegal to Pakistan, rural folks are leaving their traditional occupation and landing in the slums of the urban cites for new growth and income opportunities in new occupational arenas. In countries like Africa and Latin America, people flocked to cities to escape from either the war or famine or got attracted by the income growth in factories producing clothes like t-shirts, sneakers, and toothbrushes never heard of before. Though the impact of migration process is being felt since the first industrial revolution, yet the conditions and the environment they have been staying in truly reflect their shattered dreams. They dream of getting rich but what they are gaining in cities like Manchester, Chicago, Tokyo and Mumbai are their unending lives in dirty towns and squatter camps. Guldin’s case study of Southern China exposes the point that it is not only the cities which are being developed but it is also the vice versa, â€Å"Villagers become more like market and xiang towns, and county towns and small cities become more like large cities. † (Davis 2006: 9) Many countries are also witness to the bubbling city lives reaching at the doorstep of the rural folks in their own villages or towns. It has quite happened in Malaysia where journalist SeaBrook highlighted the fate of several fishermen, â€Å"Engulfed by urbanization without migrating, their lives overturned, even while remaining on the spot where they were born. †(Davis 2006: 9) The lives of fishermen had all been uprooted by the new waves of urbanization, which cut off their homes from sea due to new highway, polluted their fishing ponds due to urban waste, and deforested the neighboring hillsides to construct apartment blocks. Johannesburg is one of the many cities, which is a witness to the degeneration of soil owing to continuous inebriated mining. More than half of the non-white population is surviving at informal settlements in areas where there is abundant of toxic waste and chronic ground. But the most classic case recorded by Davis is Mumbai in India, where the people earning higher level of income own 90 per cent of land whereas poor people are overcrowded. CBC News correspondent drafted a picture of the third largest city in the world after Tokyo and Mexico. Mumbai has 10 million people with majority of the population belonging to slum areas and the Dharavi at the vicinity of Mumbai is considered to be the largest slum in Asia. (Benoit 2006: Online) The lands where the slums are developed are the most valuable real estate areas but all are illegal and every day government vehicles come in one part of the slum areas or to the next for the demolition and every time they are established again. Several times, state had tried to enter into deal with private individuals for the redevelopment of the lands and for providing new houses for slum dwellers but this process has been unsuccessful. These slum dwellers are the backbone of the city Mumbai providing the labour for menial jobs like train operators, construction workers, factory workers etc. Davis said that, â€Å"These polarized patterns of land use and population density recapitulate older logics of imperial control and racial dominance. † (Escobar 2007: 27) Even though the economies of mega cities like Lagos, Kinshasa, and Dar Es Salaam have been deteriorating or remaining stagnant still since last many years, these cities have been continuously attracting new arrivals. Davis attempted to focus on the reasons behind the growth of slums that had been the matter of concern for economists since many years. The debt crises of 1970s and 1980s, and the restructuring of the developing economies in third world by International Monetary Fund during 1980s have been the main culprits. During the mid seventies, World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began to grant loans to the developing nations on the conditions of structural adjustment policies. The term denotes the changes in the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank for granting the new loans at lower rate of interest to the developing countries with certain conditions. The conditions are levied to ensure the proper use of the money lended and to reduce fiscal imbalance of borrowing countries. The developing nations had to privatize their public services department and infrastructure, devalue their currencies, initiate in the growth of crops for exports, and remove the subsidies and this had a direct impact on the local farmers and manufacturers who were forced to enter into competition with the First World agribusiness and corporations. Davis evoked, â€Å"Rapid urban growth in the context of structural adjustment, currency devaluation, and state retrenchment has been an inevitable recipe for the mass production of slums† (Davis 2006: 17). The World Bank and IMF became a part of the capitalist system in the international scenario subsequently supported by Reagan, Thatcher, and Kohl (Davis 2006: 153). According to Davis, â€Å"Debt has been the forcing-house of an epochal transfer of power from Third World nations to the Bretton Woods institutions [World Bank and IMF] controlled by the US and other core capitalist countries [†¦] The [World Bank’s] professional staff are the postmodern equivalent of a colonial civil service† (Davis 2006: 153-4). The global forces with their weapons of the deregulation and mechanization of agriculture, and promotion of the consolidation of smallholdings into large ones created the surplus of rural labour forcing them to make the urban slums their final destination, as the job market in the cities became on the verge of extinction. In Davis own words, â€Å"Over-urbanization’ is driven by the reproduction of poverty, not by the supply of jobs. This is one of the unexpected tracks down which a neo-liberal world order is shunting the future† (Davis 2006: 16). It is not only rural folks but also import substitution industries, public sectors, and middle classes felt an impact. (Davis 2006: 16) Millions of city-dwellers were directly pushed into poverty due to Neo-liberalism. But along with this, the same policies that had shattered the small public sector enterprises gave boost to the private enterprises, importers, military personnel and many leading players controlling political circles. Besides undertaking economic consideration, Davis espouses upon the various social, religious, ethnic and political movements making their presence felt at the every corner of the dwelling of urban poor. For e. g. the resistance movement of Islam at the Casablanca and Cairo, street gangs dominating the streets of Cape-town and San Salvador, the movement Pentecostalism at Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro, and revolutionary movement at Caracas and La Paz became hallmark of the new movement initiated by American regime as their war over terrorism. But this war was nothing but a setting of a stage of a long prolonged war between the American regime and the slum dwellers. Going with the UN-Habitat Report, â€Å"Challenge of Slums†, which went public in 2003, Davis emphasized the final aspect to the whole holocaust that lay behind the growth of an ugly phase of the urbanization. He cited the â€Å"Retreat of the State, as the main unfounded reason for the increase in poverty and unequal division of income and wealth during 1980s and 1990s. Davis 2006: 154) These state of affairs led to the development of the â€Å"virtual democracy, whereby all the control of the macro-economic policies of Third World nations are controlled from Washington. † (Davis 2006: 154) Adding to the cause also is the corruption among leaderships, institutional failures and structural adjustment programs that eventually led to the transfer of wealth from poor to rich nations. Besides, haphazard way of the developing of roads and increasing traffic beckoned the environmentalists’ towards the extensive amount of population and ever-growth of the rows of slums near the roadsides and railways tracks. Initially Davis was going to give title of his book, The World Is a Ghetto, but the motive of the writer was to bring to the notice of the world the changes that had emerged in the global scenario though appearing to be on the development side yet it is a false notion as amidst the high rise buildings, industries, hotels and restaurants, zooming vehicles on the road, there are darker corners we often ignore. These slums are posing the problems of imperial order and social control that began to come to the notice of geopolitics. In a deep ironic note, Davis says if America aims to leash out the terrorists into the social and cultural periphery, it would be making the poor developing cities as permanent battlefields. Planet of Slums is an eye opener for the world imperialistic orders to make them analyze the fact that no city can virtually grow on wealth alone.

How Far Does Linda Make Us Feel Sympathy Towards Linda in Death of a Salesman

In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Linda plays the key female role. It seems the family revolves around her, and she seems to be the most forward thinking character in the play, but does Miller make us feel sympathy towards her? There are many reasons as to why we could feel sympathy for Linda. Firstly, Linda is living with all the families dreams. Trapped by Willy’s failed career the family has nothing, and Linda has to bear that. Her two children, who are both great looking and confident, have made nothing of themselves at ages 34 and 32.All she wants is a realistic goal, but she gets dragged into the dreams her family mistakenly create. Willy himself says in the restaurant scene â€Å"the woman has waited and the woman has suffered. † Willy is showing he realises what he is putting Linda through, but unfortunately he has no fix. Secondly, Linda has had to suffer through Willy’s Suicidal thoughts, plagued everyday with trying to remove the rubber pipe, but putting it back everyday for fear of hurting Willy.Linda is forced to bear the thought of Willy killing himself daily, that can’t be easy for a woman who suffers in so many other ways. Thirdly, Willy cannot provide for Linda, not allowing her to work, for fear of looking unsuccessful. Willy is only paid commission, and throughout his working life he has never made much money. This means the family cannot afford many luxuries, with a cheap car, and cheap appliances such as their refrigerator.Linda is seen mending stockings by Willy, a key symbol in the play, not only can Willy not provide enough money for Linda to afford expensive stockings, but Willy could provide stockings to ‘the Woman’, with Stockings a symbol for sexuality and femininity, it could be said that Willy provided sexually for his Mistress, but not for Linda. Thirdly, Willy has never treated Linda right. As Biff puts it, â€Å"He never had an ounce of respect for you,† the kitchen scene at the end of act one shows this well, with Willy shouting at Linda whenever she tried to put in a word, â€Å"Wildly enthused, to Linda: Stop Interrupting! , he doesn’t give Linda the respect she deserves, treating her as if she knows nothing, perhaps Willy doesn’t want her to know much, keeping her from being independent of him. This is also seen through Willy’s affair, it seems that through all of Willy’s choices or actions, Linda bears the pain from it. Although Linda can come across as a victim in all that has happened, it is not completely fair to say that she is completely worthy of sympathy;It seems that although Willy doesn’t provide much for his family, Linda doesn’t mind that Willy isn’t successful, she is happy with what she has, and lives realistically, accepting what she has, and not tying herself up in dreams like her family has. She is quoted to say â€Å"Why must everyone conquer the world,† something that rings through not just her thoughts but also what Miller thought. Miller wants to show us the difference between Willy’s dreamy hopes, and Linda’s realistic approach to living. Linda doesn’t believe in Willy’s adapted version of the American Dream, but it is ultimately this that finishes him off.

PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Essay

The PEACE Domestic Violence agency’s mission is to â€Å"reduce victim trauma, empower survivors, and promote recovery through direct services† (University of Phoenix, 2012, para. 9). Also, according to University of Phoenix Appendix B (2012),PEACE also strives to reducing the occurrence of sexual assault and domestic violence by educating the abused and the community and proposing ways to fight against social norms and beliefs. It will reside in the city of Portland, a large metropolitan city, that has been experiencing a rise in reports of not only domestic, spousal, and child abuse, but also youth violence, assault, and road rage over the last five years. PEACE is looking for funding from the National Foundation’s funding program and by doing so strives promote the well-being of people whose lives have been affected by domestic violence, improve the quality of life of families with a member in prison, provide people who are (or have been) involved with the criminal justice system with a rehabilitation program where they can obtain the skills and support networks needed to lead fulfilled lives. â€Å"The Small Grants Program offers one-time grants of up to $5,000 to registered charities with an annual budget under $500,000 and the Investor Program is an innovative funding program designed to support six organizations under each of the objectives of the Supporting Families program, with up to $150,000 a year for up to 3 years† (University of Phoenix, 2012, para. 11). The program needs not only proper funding but the ability to allocate that funding in ways that will benefit the community in the fastest and most effective way possible. Because of this, PEACE will be looking into alternative funding. The Community Innovation Challenge is one of the most important ways PEACE will try and obtain nontraditional funding. The Community Innovation Challenge is a grant program that gives approved organizations money so they can enact faster and more efficient ways of serving and bettering the community. This kind of funding would benefit PEACE because a domestic violence agency like PEACE is helpful to the community on so many levels – children to adults to those looking to be rehabilitated. PEACE would be a prime candidate for this grant because of this reason and the money would be used to assist workers in their education on the matters at hand as well as paying for more workers if the organization gets too large for the current staff amount. PEACE will also be looking into outsourcing and setting up charity booths at frequently visited locations like outside a grocery store or at a shopping center. Sending emails and/or letters to local businesses, companies, and even other organizations looking for financial assistance, ideas, and information is definitely helpful and it also allows smaller businesses to get their name on the map and helping out the organization if they were to become something like a sponsor. Setting up charity booths also allows people from many different walks of life to see my program’s cause and contribute something, anything, if they can. Funding from these two sources can normally be used in many ways but it is also not always a large amount. Access to smaller amounts of funding gives PEACE ways to buy low cost items when they are affordable. Things like more seating, chair cushions, water tanks, even coffee and muffins†¦ All these things can help people feel more welcome and safe which is important with organizations like PEACE. Signing up for a few free subscription/database-type sites will give access to funds as well. These websites allow a program to look for nontraditional sources of funding as well as give them updates for when new opportunities come up that apply to the program. This is especially helpful for busy programs that may not have the man power to go out and hunt for funding sources while also working with the program as much as The mission of the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is to reduce victim trauma, empower survivors, and promote recovery through direct services. Their curriculum is based largely around the need of the community and they set out to provide the best, most varied care they can. Starting with professionally trained staff who are looked over by a small administration PEACE locates those in need of assistance and brings them to a place where those needs can be met on an individual basis as well as on a group basis. The stakeholders for PEACE start with the administration and staff of the agency who put themselves on the line taking care of their clients and looking for sources of funding to make sure things are taken care of. Staff and administration need to have their physical and mental needs taken care of and provided for so they can then provide for the community. This may mean more staff need to be trained and employed to keep everyone at the top of their game or the spaces available for clients needs to be cut so staff do not find themselves over-taxed. Domestic abuse is a very serious thing and it cannot be taken lightly by anyone. One false step – be it a forgotten case notebook, a less-than-attentive staff member, or what have you – can severely endanger the clients. It is imperative that the clients are put into the hands of fully educated, completely able staff. A majority of funding sources are open only to non-profit, 501(c)3 organizations. These organizations must also be in good standing to receive funds and therefore PEACE is eligible to apply for this type of funding. A private foundation is deemed to be any non-profit that supports the work of public charities through the award of grants (2009). In order to receive funds a foundation is required to file a Form 1023 with the IRS. Form 1023 is a 28 page form gives the IRS the information they need to conduct audits of the foundation’s activities. The duty of staff and the administration is to make sure the program meets the requirements of the funders constantly because they would lose funding if they have anything that presents itself as a conflict of interest of it there is anything going on that the funders do not like (2009). Non-profit organizations and their boards are bound to very strict rules and therefore discrimination against an individual or treating a group better than another individual or group can result in the foundation being shut down. Records of a program must be maintained in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), including the filing of an annual Form 990 with the IRS. All members of the staff and management are responsible to the rules for non-profits. Documentation has to be well understood and applied consistently and correctly. The administrators of PEACE have to find evaluators that can ensure the evaluations show an honest picture of the group effort, effectiveness, and c ontribution to the community so granters can rely on the information provided. The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act is an example of such a funding foundation that can create such a picture. Their mission is to decrease the occurrence of domestic abuse as well as to increase well-being and progress in society as a whole. This foundation is federally funded often pulling in quite a few million dollars that are then allocated to them by the government as well as allocated to sister organizations and other funding opportunities. Being federally funded there is a close eye on the limited resources of the foundation so the funders can be sure the money is spent in the most effective manner to benefit the greatest number of people. The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act serves organizations and people all over the United. The foundation has control over where their money is used and they try to concentrate their focus on organizations that will benefit the community around them the most. They, more specifically, tend to fund essential services that sit at the core of ending domestic violence. Emergency shelters, hotlines, and advocacy as well as primary and secondary prevention are all looked at highly. Another stakeholder in the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is the community itself. Community evaluation will be an active part of the results that affect ongoing funding by attending the program, first of all, and also by giving feedback on the effectiveness of this program and the staff of said program in their community. The input of the community needs to be taken into consideration when looking at progress evaluations and data that has been collected before making decisions to change, mend, or modify the program. Community member have the biggest input on when, where, and how group sessions are bei ng held and, more importantly, when, where, and how private sessions are being held. Children cannot be expected to want to sit through late meetings, parents may not have time during the day because of work†¦ There are so many factors that need to be looked at in order to please the wants and needs of the community. This will be important also keep constant monitoring of to allow individuals and families to have time for different kinds of activities and help, as well as to allow the help they’ve currently received (or have been receiving) to process and sink in. However, the community cannot affect or change the goals of funding institutions. Therefore, they have to work with the funder’s restrictions and requirements so that no single group is held in a higher spot on the list of things that need funding or the list of people that need assistance. Every one of the stakeholders at PEACE Domestic Violence Agency has an effect on the design and implementation of the program. The community, the clients, the staff and finally the administration all s hare a common goal and they all hold the progress and fate of the program in their hands. They all want to see an improvement in the society, they all want to see higher quality of life, and they all want someone (even themselves) to feel safe when they go to sleep at night. This means strong staff, an introduction of life skills, increased community involvement, increased collaboration with funders and the state, a reduction in high risk behaviors, and a decrease in the amount of reported domestic abuse cases. By taking these things into account PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will be a long lasting, effective program. Program planning and evaluation process can provide opportunities for program improvement because they will catch instances of the program not meeting the expectations of the funders, workers, and the community. It is vital for PEACE to carefully create a program plan because, with an organization that is helping a myriad of kinds of victims of domestic abuse, it is easy to give the wrong message to workers and the community. PEACE also provides assistance to people who are looking to be rehabilitated so it would be bad for them if their organization came off as only being there to help the hurt or, in my opinion, even worse: As being there to make sure the people know they did wrong but not actually help them. The evaluation process can keep track of the kinds of clients they get and also what places might need improvement. As the manager of a program anything that improves efficiency and the method for delivery of the service is helpful and those can be found through the evaluation process. As a funder, you would have every right to speak up if you thought your money was not being well spent. This comes into play first in the program planning because if you are looking for a specific kind of program you can gladly put forth an effort to make that happen whether it be with time, money, or both. It also comes into play with the evaluation process. As a funder it would be part of your responsibility to check where funds are going and when and to check if there are more efficient and helpful ways of delivering the funds and how they are spent. Outcome Measure: Reduce the amount of domestic violence report, to assist people and families in dealing with life after abuse, and to help with rehabilitation and reintroduction. * Baseline Data: Portland has experienced increasing reports of domestic and youth violence, spousal and child abuse, assault, and incidents of road rage over the last 5 years. * Evaluation Design: Trained observers, staff * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Police reports, reports from other domestic abuse locations * Who Will Collect the Data: Collection of data will be done by a small team of staff specifically brought together to gather and process data. * Timing of Data Collection: Overall data collection every three months (to look for progress) with an update to data made every forty-five days. * Population or Sample: Population (Applicable men, women and children of Portland) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Total new/repeat counts of domestic abuse in the form of percentages (increase or decrease) Process Measure: Number of staff trained to handle the abused * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Training sign-in sheets * Who Will Collect the Data: Administration assistant will help participants sign-in * Timing of Data Collection: Before the training session * Population or Sample: Population (all participants) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Total number of staff properly trained. Process Measure: Number of sessions delivered per group * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Staff session logs * Who Will Collect the Data: Staff * Timing of Data Collection: During and after each session * Population or Sample: Population (all staff will fill out session logs) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Frequency of sessions per group per staff, as well as an average frequency of sessions across the board. Process Measure: Measures of program fidelity * Source of Information/Instrument(s): Trained observers, staff checklists, client surveys * Who Will Collect the Data: Trained observers, staff, and clients * Timing of Data Collection: Trained observers will attend one session per group each month and staff and clients will fill out biweekly checklists and surveys * Population or Sample: Population (All staff and willing clients as well as observers) * How Will the Data be Described/Analyzed: Qualitative data from observations and data collected from checklists and surveys will be compiled, summarized, and given to administration to show who is being passionate and faithful to the cause as well as what improvements need to be made and where. This evaluation plan will include process evaluation, outcome evaluations, formative evaluations, and summative evaluations. Process evaluations will evaluate all procedures and tasks involved with implementing these programs. Process evaluations will also monitor the program and ensure feedback throughout the length of the program. This is exceptionally beneficial when running a program that is solely need-based and those needs only discovered through dealing with the clients the program is trying to help. Without feedback process cannot be made and goals, no matter how small, cannot be achieved. By performing process evaluations on the effectiveness of the groups as well as the staff themselves and comparing that to data collected by clients the best possible steps can be made towards the goal reducing the effect of domestic violence on Portland. Outcome evaluations will collect quantitative and qualitative data from ongoing programs to document any short-term results that have been achieved as well as open doors to any new short-term goals and changes that have to be made to current ones. Task-focused results such as the number of staff who put their name on the sign-up sheet to be trained, how many clients return, and how many young adults seek help with rehabilitation on their own describe the output of the activity and short-term results, like the percentage of clients that are willing to fill out an end-of-session survey, describe the immediate effects of the program on the community. Information such as an increase in knowledge, changed in attitude, and behavioral shifts are part of a long list of data that can be discovered after an outcome evaluation. Outcome evaluations will come in handy the most when trying to figure out if the community is being reached properly and clients are being treated as best as they can be. It will also be helpful determining what activities are out-of-date or just plain not helpful anymore and what activities can take their place. Formative evaluations, which include pre-testing and competency exams, allow an organization to assess the strengths and weaknesses in their approach to their goals, staff, target audience for their services, and even their advertising campaign! Formative evaluations also help an organization discover if any changes need to be made, if they can be made, or if the program is not going to succeed. By testing messages, products, and services on small groups also helps an organization work out kinks before implementing it on a larger scale. By taking the data gained from a finished formative evaluation an organization can get a better idea of their company, its workers, and its clients and will help them decide if it is better to sink, or hopefully more often, swim. Summative evaluations include any combination of measurements and judgments that allow conclusions about the impact, outcome, and benefits of a program or method. Allowing an organization to stick to such an out of the box, abstract, non-linear form of evaluating it can pick and chose what will get them the most information the fastest. This can be, by far, the most efficient way to help an organization make progress. With an organization that has a lot of different sections, like this one, it can produce the best progress reports because there is not a single mainline format that has to be followed; Just whatever works. I believe I would find pre-post surveys with questions that have people rate things one through five, attendance sheets, and tally sheets to keep record of happenings the most useful. In an organization that has sections that help polar opposite cases (e.g. young adults straight from walking the line of a criminal who wish to find assistance in becoming rehabilitated and young mothers who have been abused and who have children who were abused that are looking for help with learning how to get through their fears and move on with life) there cannot be one set way to document things. Surveys will always be near the top of the data collecting tools list because people can put whatever they want however they want and can truly express themselves if they so chose. An organization cannot necessarily ask two groups, like the two mentioned above, â€Å"How did you feel when the counselor asked you to talk about your personal experiences with being abused,† because the young adult who is looking to be rehabilitated may not have been abused. Attendance sheets are a very important part of an organization as well because it will allow the organization to know how many people they are reaching and if they need to step their game up or not. References Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2013). http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-and- procurement/working-for-you/community-innovation-challenge-grant/. Retrieved from http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-and-procurement/working-for-you/community-innovation- challenge-grant/ National Network to End Domestic Violence. (2012). Family Violence Prevention & Services Act. Retrieved from http://www.nnedv.org/policy/issues/fvpsa.html United States Interagency Council on Homelessnes. (2011). Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. Retrieved from http://www.usich.gov/funding_programs/programs/family_violence_prevention_and_services_act/ University of Phoenix. (2012). Appendix B. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HSM270 – Program Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services website. Weill Cornell Medical College. (2013). http://weill.cornell.edu/research/grants_and_contracts/research_development/se